participle

PARTICIPLE

Verb+ Ing and past participle form of a verb when works both as a verb and adjective, it called participle.
I saw a bird flying is the sky. Here flying is an example of participle. It describes the bird. And it also says that the bird is doing an action.

PRESENT PARTICIPLE

Verb1 + ing = present participle. It expresses the actions going on.
USE OF PRESENT PARICIPLE
a) As a part of continuous tense: He is running in the field. I am playing cricket with my friends. Going to Delhi, we visited the Tajmahal. The man was sleeping on the bench.
b) As an adjective: Do not try to catch a running train. We saw a tiger entering the forest. The dancing girl on the stage is my sister. Look at the flying birds.
c) As nominative absolute: Weather probing fine, we will go out. God willing, you will find a suitable job. Being ill, he could not go to school. The train being late, we hired a taxi.
d) In joining two sentences: He saw tiger. He ran away from the place. Ans: seeing a tiger, he ran away from the place.
The man is rich. He gave away all his property for the flood affected people. Ans: Being rich, the man gave away all his property for the flood affected people.
He is rich. He is unhappy. (Contrast) Ans: In spite of being rich, he is unhappy.
The man is poor. He helps others in need. (Contrast) Ans: In spite of being poor, the man helps others in need.

PAST PARTICIPLE

It is formed by adding d, ed, t, en, n to the present form of verbs.
USE OF PAST PARTICIPLE
a) As a part of perfect tense: I have written the letter. He has brought a glass frame.
b) As an adjective: a deserted hose. There is a haunted house. My father is a retired teacher. There is a broken chair..
c) Nominative absolute: the sun having risen, we set out our journey.
d) In joining two sentences: He was punished by the teacher. He cried. Ans: Punished by the teacher, he cried. He was deceived by his friends. He lost hopes. Ans: Deceived by friends, he lost all hopes.
e) To express state, habit, character etc: well read man, well behaved person, frankly spoken person, ruined temple, etc.



POSITION OF PRTICIPLE
There are two positions of participle
  A) Attributive, 
  B) Predicative and
  C) Nominative absolute.
A) Attributive: A rolling stone gathers no moss. Broken glasses cannot be joined. A lost moment never comes again. A smiling face can change any heart.
B) Predicative: He is tired. He seems worried. I saw a man standing under the tree. He told me an interesting story.
C) Nominative absolute. The fog having disappeared, we walked forward. The weather being fine, we went for a stroll.

ERRORS IN THE USE OF PARTICIPLE
As participle is a kind of adjective, it is not without a noun or pronoun attached to it. It must have  a subject – object reference.
Example:  Being a hot day, we could not go out. After being a subject is required. Biing it a hot day, we could not go out.
Sitting at the gate, an aunt bit me. Sitting at the gate he was bitten by an aunt.
Entering the class, it was found empty. Entering the class, I found it empty.
While walking in the field, my ring was lost.  While walking in the field, I lost my ring.
But some participles are used as absolute construction. Ex: Considering his knowledge, he was taken in the job. Frankly speaking, he is a true man. Taking everything into consideration, the authority granted money for the affected family.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GERUND AND PARTICIPLE
I like playing. (Gerund) I like children playing here. (Participle)
Walking is good for health. (Gerund) I saw the man walking. (Participle)
I am tired of waiting. (Gerund) he kept me waiting. (Participle)