Noun

NOUN

Noun is a naming word. Cow, rose, man, Smith, India etc. all are nouns.

KINDS OF NOUNS:

PROPER NOUN: Proper noun is the name of a particular person, place, thing, or a group of persons. Example: Rama, England, the Thames, the Himalayas, the French Revolution,   the Mahabharata, the Christian etc.

COMMON NOUN:  It does not denote a noun in particular. It denotes to any and every person or ting of the same kind. Man is a common noun. It does not qualify a man in particular. It refers to any or every man. Boy, girl, book, pen, table, chair, river, tree, road, mountain etc. God and Lord when refer to the almighty, they are proper noun. When they refer to the different gods they are called common nouns.

COLLECTIVE NOUN: It is the name of a group of persons or things taken as a whole. A troop of monkeys. Here monkey is common noun. But troop is collective noun because it refers to the any monkey. A crowd of people, a gang of robbers, a series of mountains, an army of soldiers, committee, jury, etc. A collective noun takes a singular verb. But jury and committee are multitude nouns. They may take singular and plural verbs when they bear different meanings.

MATERIAL NOUN: It denotes the matter or the substances of which things are made. Water, rice, sugar, sand, salt, cotton,  milk, wood, iron, steel, paper etc. are material nouns. River is common noun, but water in the river is material noun. A chair made of wood. Chair is common but wood is material noun. a chain is made of iron. Chain is common noun but iron is material noun.

ABSTRACT NUN:  It denotes something which cannot be touched or seen but felt only. Hence knowledge, wisdom, honesty, policy, kindness etc are abstract noun. All abstract nouns end in hood, ism, ness, tion, ship, dom, ce, th, ment, ty, ure, er and ry. Ex: Freedom, culture, beauty, advice, laughter  etc.

THERE ARE ALSO TWO TYPES OF NOUNS A) COUNTABLE AND B) UNCOUNTABLE NOUN.

Countable nouns are those that can be counted. Man, tree, dog, book etc. are countable because we can count them. Countable nouns have their plural forms and can be used with indefinite article a/ an in singular form. Many, few, a few, several, three, four, thousand etc. can be used with countable nouns with their plural forms.

Uncountable nouns are those that cannot be counted but measured. Uncountable nouns do not have plural forms in general sense. Much and little are used with them to denote quantity.

A proper noun becomes common noun: Rabindranath is the Shakespeare in India. Here Shakespeare is used as a common noun. It refers to the quality of Shakespeare. I am familiar to the Browns. Here Browns are common noun. When there are several proper noun of the same name, it is used as a common noun.

Material and Abstract nouns become Common noun: The water of the Ganges is holy to the Hindus. Water is a material noun. here it has been used as a common noun. The rice of Burdwan is famous. The tea of Drgeeling is famous. When a material noun is particularized, it becomes a common noun.
The convict was put in irons. He lives in a wood. I have found a copper. When material nouns denote the things instead of the material, they are called common nouns.
 He is a justice. She is a beauty. Here abstract noun has been  used as concrete nouns. Thus abstract nouns become common noun.

A Collective noun becomes Common noun: when collective nouns denote more than one, it becomes common. The armies, the crowds, the folks etc.

An Abstract noun becomes Proper Noun: when an abstract noun is personified, it is called Proper noun. O Justice, O Heaven. It is then written in capital letter.  

A common noun becomes Abstract noun: The Father in him grew to see the child. Check the beast in you. Here, father means fatherly affection and beast means beastly passion. It is the use of Concrete for the abstract.