NARRATION

NARRATION CHANGE OF EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE: The sentence ends with ! Sign. In INDIRECT ( .) Is used in its place.

'Said to' becomes exclaimed / Exclaimed with/ in sorrow/ grief/ Wonder etc.
He said, " What a nice picture it is!" DIRECT

INDIRECT: He exclaimed that it was a very nice picture. (If what or how qualifies an ADJECTIVE, instead of them very is used.

He said, "'How cold it is outside!" DIRECT
INDIRECT: He exclaimed that it was very cold outside.

The man said," What a beautiful bird it is!"
The man exclaimed that the bird was very beautiful.

She said, " How pappy we were there!" DIRECT
INDIRECT: She exclaimed that they had been very happy there.

Harrah.............. exclaimed with joy
Alas.....................exclaimed with sorrow

The boy said, "Hurrah! We have won the match." DIRECT
INDIRECT: The boy exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.

He said, " Alas! the man is no more." DIRECT
INDIRECT: The man exclaimed with sorrow that the man was no more.

NARRATION CHANGE OF OPTATIVE SENTENCE

Reporting verb said becomes wished/ Prayed.  That is also used as linker.

He said to him, " May you be happy."  DIRECT
 INDIRECT :He wished that he might be happy.

He said, " could I but get the prize." DIRECT
INDIRECT: He expressed a wish that he could but get the prize.

Father said to me, " May you prosper." DIRECT
INDIRECT: Father wished me prosperity.

He said ," Good bye" DIRECT
INDIRECT: He bade me good bye.

Mother said to me, May God grant you a long life." DIRECT
INDIRECT: Mother prayed that God might grant me a long life.

NARRATION CHANGE OF VOCATIVE CASE

The teacher said, "Be quite, my boys." DIRECT
INDIRECT:  The teacher asked/ told/ ordered the boys to be quite.

James's father said, " James, do not disobey your elders."DIRECT
INDIRECT: James father forbade James to disobey the elders.

The man said to the minister, " Your honour, I will obey your instructions." DIRECT
INDIRECT: The man addressed the minister and said that he would obey his instructions.

NARRATION CHANGE OF MORE than one sentence together.

He said to me, " Why don't you open a bank account. I have opened one." DIRECT
INDIRECT: He advised me to open a bank account and he also informed me that he had opened one.
He said to me, " Please leave your phone number. Write down your address also." DIRECT
INDIRECT : He requested me to leave my phone number and write down my address also.

Exceptional uses
He said to me, " thank you."
He thanked me.

                         CHANGE OF TIME AND PLACE
DIRECT...........................INDIRECT
NOW...............................THEN
AGO................................BEFORE
THIS................................THAT
THESE................. . ..........THOSE
HERE................................THERE
HENCE...............................THENCE
HITHER...............................THITHER
TODAY.............................THAT DAY
TOMORROW.....................THE FOLLOWING DAY/ NEXT DAY
YESTERDAY........................THE PREVIOUS DAY/ THE DAY BEFORE

                     CHANGE OF PRONOUNS
PRONOUNS like I, we, our, my, me, mine, us, and ours  in DIRECT speech, refer to the SPEAKER. they are changed according to the SPEAKER.

PRONOUNS like you, your, yours in the DIRECT speech , refer to the listener and are changed according to the listener.

PRONOUNS like he, she, they,his, him, her, hers, it, them in DIRECT speech are not CHANGED.



CHARGING A CONVERSATION
The soldier: Why did you not salute the cap?
The man: I do not respkg kect it.
The soldier: Why?
The man: It doesn't belong to our nation. It belongs to the tyrant.

The soldier asked the man why he had not saluted the cap. The man said that he did not rerespect it. Then the soldier wanted to know why he didn't respect it. In reply the man said that it didn't belong to their nation and he also informed that it belonged to the tyrant.