CLAUSE JOINING

NOUN CLAUSE............................................................ADJECTIVE CLAUSE DIFFERENCE
Tell me Who did it............................................................ I know the man who did it.
I know where he lives........................................................I know the place where he lives.


AN ADJECTIVE CLAUSE HAS ITS ANTECEDENT, BUT NOUN CLAUSE DOES NOT HAVE.

JOINING OF SENTENCES

1) I saw him fall. I ran towards him.
COMPLEX: When I saw him fall, I ran towards him.

2) A man may be poor. Yet he will win the respect. He must be honest. My father says this.
COMPLEX: My father says that even a poor man must be honest to win the respect.
Or : My father says that however poor a man may be, he will win respect if he is honest.

3) His father met with an accident. He heard this. He fainted.
COMPLEX: He fainted to hear that his father had met with an accident.

4) Where is the Siva temple situated? Can you tell me?
COMPLEX: Can you tell me where the Siva temple is situated?
 (Two INTERROGATIVE forms will not be used) ( Question+Question= Question)

5)  The man is too weak to walk fast.
COMPLEX: The man is so weak that he can't walk fast. (Too....so, to.....that + cannot present, could not PAST)
The man was too weak to walk fast.
The man was so weak that he couldn't walk fast.

6) Biman waited for me. He waited till my arrival.
COMPLEX: Biman waited until I came.

7) We eat. We want to live.
COMPLEX: We eat so that we may lives.

8) He was returning from Delhi. He dropped at his friend.
COMPLEX: While retaining from Delhi, he dropped at his friend.

9) Don't eat fast food. It is my suggestion.
Complex: It is my suggestion that you shouldn't eat fast food.

10) Why did you behave so rudely with the guests? Tell me.
COMPLEX: Tell me why you behaved so rudely with the guests. (Question + statement= Statement)

11) How pappy we were there! I cannot tell you.
COMPLEX: I cannot tell you how happy we were there. (EXCLAMATORY + ASSERTIVE = ASSERTIVE)

12)  Molina came to the station. She is the girl friend of my friend.
COMPLEX: Molina who came to the station is the girl friend of my friend.

13) I am going to Simla. My uncle lives there.
COMPLEX: I am going to Simla where my uncle lives.

14) This is done. This cannot be undone.
COMPLEX: What is done cannot be undone.

15) This is the box. My mother keeps her ornaments in this box.
COMPLEX: This is the box in what my mother keeps her ornaments.

16) The miserly man had enormous wealth. He never enjoyed peace of mind.
COMPLEX: Though the miserly man had enormous wealth, he never enjoyed peace of mind.

17) You are not taking care of your health. Can you tell me the reason?
COMPLEX: Can you tell me the reason why you are not taking care of your health?

18) He is a clever boy. No other boy in the class is more clever.
COMPLEX: He is cleverer than any other boy in the class (is).
No other boy in the class is cleverer than he (is).

19) He will go to school only under compulsion.
COMPLEX: He will not go to school if he is not compelled.
Or He will not go to school unless he is compelled.

20) The train will arrive at a certain time. No one knows the time.
COMPLEX: No one knows the time when the train will arrive.

concept of clause

CONCEPT OF COMPLEX SENTENCE 

Definition: A complex sentence is one in which there are one principal clause and one or more subordinate clauses.  
What is a clause?

A clause is a part of a sentence with subject and predicate but cannot express complete sense. It mainly forms a part of a sentence.

I know that he is a very good person. This sentence has two parts, or two classes. Main clause and subordinate clause. 
'I know' it is the main clause. It can form a sentence without the rest part of the sentence.
'That he is a very good person,' is the subordinate clause. It cannot express a complete sense. 

Rabindranath is a great poet who composed poems, short stories and novels. Here '-who composed poems, short stories and novels'-is subordinate clause. It cannot express that Rabindranath is a great poet. 

NOUN CLAUSE: When a clause works as a noun, it is called noun clause. It has the same function that a noun has.

USE OF NOUN CLAUSE


A) As the subject: That the earth is round round (subject) is known to all. 
                                 When the train will leave the station (subject) is not certain.
                                 What he is doing there has not been known. 
                                 Where is he now is the mystery to us.

B) As the object to a verb:  We know that the earth is round.
                                                I(subject) know(verb) that he is ill (object).
                                                 He said that he was not there.
                                                 I know when he will come.

C) As object to a preposition: I know nothing of (preposition) what he will do (object).
                                                     It depends on how you will face the problem.
                                                      Listen to what the speaker is indicating.
                                                       Dr. Sen is proud of what his son has achieved. 

D) As complement to a verb: That is  (verb) what we want (complement).
                                                    The truth is, he is ill. 
                                                    This is how I solved the sum. 

D) As apposition to a noun or it: The news that he has met with an accident is true. Here ' that he has met with an accident' is the apposition to the noun news. 
                                                       It is not true that he has come. 
                                                       It is known that the minister will be at the program.
                                                       It is sure that the manager will resign.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE: 

An ADJECTIVE CLAUSE does the work of an adjective and qualifies a noun or pronoun.

I know the man who is your teacher.
In the above sentence who is your teacher qualifies the man. The clause says something more about the man. Hence it is an ADJECTIVE CLAUSE.


More EX: This is the book which was given to me by mother.
Look at the bird which is flying above the tree.
A stone which is rolling gathers no moss.

Linker of ADJECTIVE CLAUSE: 
Person.............Who
Thing/ animal........which
Time..............when
Place..............where
Person's..............whose
To person............... whom
As and but are also used as linker. 

Only such boys are selected as can speak English fluently.
There is none but does not want to be happy. (None who.....)

Sometimes 'that' is also used as linker. It has been discussed in the level PRONOUNS. 

The noun or pronoun before the linker is called antecedent. After the linker verb is used according to the number and person of the antecedent.

The book (antecedent) which I bought (is) lost.  Antecedent SINGULAR....verb SINGULAR
The books (antecedent) which I bought (are) lost. Antecedent PLURAL.....verb PLURAL

Antecedent and linker must be placed together. 

The horses coming from Arabia which are in much demand. ..........wrong
The horses which are coming from Arabia are in much demand.........correct
The man came from The U.S. who is my friend. .........wrong
The man who came from The U.S. is my friend............correct

SOMETIMES RELATIVE PRONOUNS ARE OMITTED WHEN IT IS AN OBJECTIVE CASE

I have lost the book my mom gave me.
He has forgotten the promises he made.


ADVERBIAL CLAUSE: 

It does the work of an adverb and mentions TIME, PLACE, MANNER, PURPOSE, REASON, RESULT, CONDITION of an action.

A) TIME:      As, whenever, When,while, after, before, till, in till, since, etc.
                    While he was wandering in the desert, he found a rare stone
                    I got the news when I was in Kolkata.
                    Father came after I had finished my homework.
                    Look before you leap. 
                    While there is fire, there is smoke. 
                    He came across me as he was passing that way.

B) PLACE:  Where, wherever, etc
                   Where there is smoke, there is fire. 
                  You may go wherever you want.
                   Stop where you are. 

C) PURPOSE:   That, so that, in order that, lest.
                          We eat that we may live.
                          He worked hard so that he might get enough money.
                          Walk fast lest you be left behind.
                          Walk slowly lest you should fall.

D) REASON: because, since, as ,that.
                      I am sorry that I have hurt you.
                      He can't come because he is ill.
                      As he is ill, he will not play.
                      Since I have promises to keep, I must go to them.

E) CONDITION: If, unless, in case, provided, whether.
                            If he comes, I will go out.
                             I will not go unless he comes.
                             I can let you leave, provided that you will come again.
                             we are willing to join them, in case we manage our boss. 

F) RESULT: That, so that, such that. 
                    I was so engaged that I couldn't receive your call.
                    What have I done, that he has left me?

G) CONTRAST: though, although, even if.
                            Although the man is very poor, he paid his debts.
                            Though I am late, I will go.
                            Though the circumstances is not favourable, we stay there for a month.
                             Even if it rains, the match will be held.

H) MANNER: As, as if. 
                        Read as you like. It happened as we wished. 
                        He did as he was instructed. 

I) DEGREE:  As, so as, than, as as, the.
                     You are taller than your brother.
                      He is not so intelligent as l. 
              The more we get, the more we want.
               He is as hard as pavement.

JOINING TWO OR MORE SENTENCES IS  NEXT TO BE PUBLISHED...

NARRATION

NARRATION CHANGE OF EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE: The sentence ends with ! Sign. In INDIRECT ( .) Is used in its place.

'Said to' becomes exclaimed / Exclaimed with/ in sorrow/ grief/ Wonder etc.
He said, " What a nice picture it is!" DIRECT

INDIRECT: He exclaimed that it was a very nice picture. (If what or how qualifies an ADJECTIVE, instead of them very is used.

He said, "'How cold it is outside!" DIRECT
INDIRECT: He exclaimed that it was very cold outside.

The man said," What a beautiful bird it is!"
The man exclaimed that the bird was very beautiful.

She said, " How pappy we were there!" DIRECT
INDIRECT: She exclaimed that they had been very happy there.

Harrah.............. exclaimed with joy
Alas.....................exclaimed with sorrow

The boy said, "Hurrah! We have won the match." DIRECT
INDIRECT: The boy exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.

He said, " Alas! the man is no more." DIRECT
INDIRECT: The man exclaimed with sorrow that the man was no more.

NARRATION CHANGE OF OPTATIVE SENTENCE

Reporting verb said becomes wished/ Prayed.  That is also used as linker.

He said to him, " May you be happy."  DIRECT
 INDIRECT :He wished that he might be happy.

He said, " could I but get the prize." DIRECT
INDIRECT: He expressed a wish that he could but get the prize.

Father said to me, " May you prosper." DIRECT
INDIRECT: Father wished me prosperity.

He said ," Good bye" DIRECT
INDIRECT: He bade me good bye.

Mother said to me, May God grant you a long life." DIRECT
INDIRECT: Mother prayed that God might grant me a long life.

NARRATION CHANGE OF VOCATIVE CASE

The teacher said, "Be quite, my boys." DIRECT
INDIRECT:  The teacher asked/ told/ ordered the boys to be quite.

James's father said, " James, do not disobey your elders."DIRECT
INDIRECT: James father forbade James to disobey the elders.

The man said to the minister, " Your honour, I will obey your instructions." DIRECT
INDIRECT: The man addressed the minister and said that he would obey his instructions.

NARRATION CHANGE OF MORE than one sentence together.

He said to me, " Why don't you open a bank account. I have opened one." DIRECT
INDIRECT: He advised me to open a bank account and he also informed me that he had opened one.
He said to me, " Please leave your phone number. Write down your address also." DIRECT
INDIRECT : He requested me to leave my phone number and write down my address also.

Exceptional uses
He said to me, " thank you."
He thanked me.

                         CHANGE OF TIME AND PLACE
DIRECT...........................INDIRECT
NOW...............................THEN
AGO................................BEFORE
THIS................................THAT
THESE................. . ..........THOSE
HERE................................THERE
HENCE...............................THENCE
HITHER...............................THITHER
TODAY.............................THAT DAY
TOMORROW.....................THE FOLLOWING DAY/ NEXT DAY
YESTERDAY........................THE PREVIOUS DAY/ THE DAY BEFORE

                     CHANGE OF PRONOUNS
PRONOUNS like I, we, our, my, me, mine, us, and ours  in DIRECT speech, refer to the SPEAKER. they are changed according to the SPEAKER.

PRONOUNS like you, your, yours in the DIRECT speech , refer to the listener and are changed according to the listener.

PRONOUNS like he, she, they,his, him, her, hers, it, them in DIRECT speech are not CHANGED.



CHARGING A CONVERSATION
The soldier: Why did you not salute the cap?
The man: I do not respkg kect it.
The soldier: Why?
The man: It doesn't belong to our nation. It belongs to the tyrant.

The soldier asked the man why he had not saluted the cap. The man said that he did not rerespect it. Then the soldier wanted to know why he didn't respect it. In reply the man said that it didn't belong to their nation and he also informed that it belonged to the tyrant.

NARRATION

           NARRATION CHANGE

DIRECT: When the verb repeats the actual words of the speaker.

INDIRECT: When the verb gives the substance of the words spoken by the speaker.

He said (reporting verb), " I am ill (reported speech)." DIRECT
INDIRECT: He said that he was ill.

(,) Is changed into THAT.

(" ") ARE OMITTED When changing direct to indirect.

When the reporting verb is PRESENT OR FUTURE, THE TENSE OF THE REPORTED SPEECH IS NOT CHANGED.
Mother says, " I have cooked a delicious food." DIRECT
INDIRECT: Mother says that she has cooked a delicious food. (Both reporting verb and reported speech are in present tense)
He will say, " I have not seen anything." DIRECT
INDIRECT: He will say that he has not seen anything.

Tina said to Mini, " I have lost my phone." DIRECT
INDIRECT: Tina told Mini that she had lost her phone.

 'Said to' becomes told.

See how verb changes when reporting verb is PAST.

               DIRECT..................................INDIRECT
   A.        Verb1.................................... verb 2
   B.         Verb 2.................................. Had + verb 3
   C.        Am/ is/ are........ ...... ...........was/ were
    .          Was/ were.................'......... Had been
   D.         Has/ Have......................... . Had
   E.          Will......................................would
   F.          Can..................................... could
   G.           May................................... might
   H.          Must....................................Must

                      NARRATION OF ASSERTIVE SENTENCES

Father said to me, " You did very well in the examination." DIRECT
INDIRECT: Father told me that I had done very well in the examination.

The man said to Mini, " I know your brother." DIRECT
INDIRECT:  The man told Mini that he knew her brother.

He said, " I am drawing a picture." DIRECT
INDIRECT: He said that he was drawing a picture.

Ram said to Sham, " I was driving my car at a speed of 80 kph." DIRECT
INDIRECT: Ram told Sham that he was driving his car at a speed of 80  kph.

The boy said, " I was on my way to school." DIRECT
INDIRECT: The boy said that he had been on his way to school.

                    NARRATION OF INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE
Said to here becomes asked. 'That' is not used.
Structure: VERB + subject + object/ complement?DIRECT
Structure:  If +Subject + verb + object/ complement. INDIRECT

He said to me, " Are you sleeping?" DIRECT
INDIRECT: He asked me if I was sleeping.

The teacher said to Mini, " Do you know how to start a computer?" DIRECT
INDIRECT: The teacher asked Mini if she knew how to start a computer.

(IN INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE 'DO/ DOES' IS OMITTED) ( 'DID' BECOMES HAD + VERB3 is used)

The doctor said to Sham, " Did you eat any fast food?" DIRECT
INDIRECT: The doctor asked Sham if he had eaten any fast food.

Mr Roy said to Mr Sen, " Can you help me solve this problem?" DIRECT
INDIRECT: Mr Roy asked Mr Sen if he could help him solve that problem.

                   NARRATION OF IMPERATIVE SENTENCE:
 An IMPERATIVE sentence begins with a verb and asks the second person to do something.
'THAT' is not used. 'TO' is used for joining the reported speech.
'Said to' becomes told / ordered/ advised / requested etc.

Teacher said to me, " Go to your classroom." DIRECT
INDIRECT: Teacher ordered me to go to my classroom.

Mother said to me, " Be quiet." DIRECT
INDIRECT: Mother ordered me to be quiet.

He said to me," Please give me your pen." DIRECT
INDIRECT: He requested me to give him my pen.

The guide said," Do not smoke here." DIRECT ( Do not= not to)
INDIRECT: The guide ordered not to smoke there. Or
The guide forbade to smoke there.

                         IMPERATIVE sentence with let:
He said to him," Let's arrange a picnic." (Suggestion ) said to becomes proposed or suggested. After that should is used.
He proposed that they should arrange a picnic.

The man said, " Let me come in."
The man requested that he might be allowed to come in. Let means request. Here might be allowed to is used.

                    INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE WITH WH WORD

She said to me, " who are you?" DIRECT
Structure: Wh word + verb + subject +  object?

INDIRECT: She asked me who I was.
Structure: wh word + Subject + verb +  object.

Father said to Rajesh, " How is your exam? DIRECT
INDIRECT: Father asked Rajesh how his exam was.

My friend said to me, "When will you be at the party? DIRECT
INDIRECT: My friend asked me when I would be at the party.

                  QUESTION TAG
Ram said to Sham, " The picture is very nice, isn't it?" DIRECT
INDIRECT: Ram asked Sham if the picture was very nice.

Ram said to Sham, " The picture is not very nice, is it?" DIRECT
INDIRECT: Ram asked Sham if the picture was very nice.  
        To Be continued..

SEQUENCE AND CONDITION OF TENSES

     SEQUENCE AND CONDITION OF TENSES

1) If the verb in the principle clause is in present or future TENSE, the in the subordinate clauses may be in any TENSE.

Principle clause.                                           Subordinate clause
He says...................................                      that he will go to buy medicine.
He says...................................                       that he went to buy medicine.
He says...................................                      that he goes to buy medicine.
He will say..............................                      that he was busy in his office.
He will say.............................                        that he everyday goes to school.

2) If the verb in the principle clause is in the past tense, the verb in the subordinate clauses must be in corresponding PAST TENSE.
Principle clause..................................... Subordinate clause
He said.................................                    that he did not see them.
He said.................................                     that  he was busy in his office.
He said.................................                     that had received the letter in time.
He said.................................                     that he would come here the following day.

3) When subordinate clauses denotes COMPARISON or works as an ADJECTIVE, there is no definite rule for TENSES.
Principle clause..........................................Subordinate clause
He loves you..................................               as much as he loves me.
 He loved you..................................             as much as he loves me.        
He will love you..................................         as much as he loved me.       
I know the man...................................         who  told you the story.
I saw the boy................................          who is your best friend.
I have lost the book.......................        which my brother presented me on my birthday.
I will buy the best picture...............       that is available in the market.

         IF CONDITION

1)  IF + PRESENT..........................., FUTURE 
Ex: If you read,                                   you will be successful.
If he comes,                                       I will go out with him. 
If it rains,                                             we will not play today.
If you love all,                                    you will be loved by all.


But when the it qualifies a present action, both the TENSES are in present.
If we don't work,                               we gain nothing. 
If we boil water,                                 it evaporates.
If you can change it,                          change it into a good thing.


IF + PRESENT + IMPERATIVE SENTENCE
If you meet my brother,                      tell him to come fast.
If you are free,                                      help me solve this problem.
If he calls me,                                        tell him I have gone out.
If you want to get full marks,              you must/ should work hard.


2) IF + PAST,.......... ......................... WOULD+ VERB 1
 If he came,                                       I would give him this.
If she was not ill,                              she would be here with me.
If my brother worked hard,           he would also pass with good marks.        
If I learnt this earlier,                      I would let you know everything. ( But I have not learnt it)


3) IF + PAST PARTICIPLE,......................... WOULD + HAVE VERB 3
If he had come,                                            he would have seen the movie. (But he did not see, because he did not come)
If you had been here,                                  you would have enjoyed very much.
If they had not gone out,                            they would not have met with the accident. 
If I had seen him,                                          I could have helped him.
Had I the wings of a dove,                           I would have flown in the sky.
MORE:  If we had been there, we would have been doing well.
              If he had been working, he would have made enough money.
          
     IMAGINARY CONDITION

     If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky.
    If they were with us, they would save us from this trouble.
    If he were offered this job, he would not deny it.
   If it were a Sunday today, I would go for a long drive.
(IN THIS CONDITIONAL 'WERE' IS USED AFTER ANY SUBJECT, SINGULAR OR PLURAL)

IF + PRESENT, ......... + CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT, SHOULD, MUST to show possibility, ability, or permission, command, advice.
If your work is done, you can/ may leave. 
If  you make a noise, you will be punished.
If he wants to play, let him. 
If she wants to be a doctor, she should not waste a single minute.


IF + WOULD LIKE/ CARE. 
If you would like to come again, you are welcome.
If he would like to play with me, I have no problem. 
If they would care to visit our home, tell them to come. 


Exercise: 1. If I (be) you, I (not do ) it.
2)If he (not read ) he would miss a carrier.
3) IF you (go) on a diet, you would lose weight.
4) If I had been you, I (not agree) to the proposal.
5) If he (admit )his guilt, I (not punish) him.


                            

voice change

                                    VOICE CHANGE

Active voice: When the subject is the doer of the action it is called to be in the active voice.
Passive voice: When something is done to the subject it is called to be in the passive voice.

He plays cricket.... (Active) .....Subject+ verb + object.

Cricket is played by him. ...(Passive) ....Object + auxiliary verb + main verb3 + by Subject.

TO CHANGE AN ACTIVE VOICE INTO PASSIVE, THE BASIC IS TO CHANGE THE FORMS OF VERB. IT IS HERE.


        Active........................................................Passive
    Verb1/ e/es................................................. am/is/are + verb3
    Verb2........................................................... was/were +verb3
    Has/have......................................................has/have + been +verb3
    Had.............................................................. had +been+ verb 3
    Am/is/are + verb ing form...........................am/is/are + being + verb3
    Was /were +verb ing form.......................... was/were +being + verb3
    Can............................................................... Can + be + verb 3
    Could.............................................................Could + be + verb.                
    Will............................................................... Will +be + verb 3
    Would............................................................would +be+verb3
    Should.......................................................... Should + be + verb 3
    May................................................................May +be + verb 3
    Might..............................................................Might +be + verb 3

EXAMPLES AGAINST EACH CHANGE OF VERB FORMS

1.  I read (1) the Telegraph. Active
Passive: The Telegraph is read (3) by me.

2. He teaches (es) English. Active
Passive: English is taught by him.

3. She drinks (s) tea. Active
Passive: Tea is drunk by her.

4. The girl is singing a song. Active
Passive: A song is being sung by the girl.

5. My brother was drawing pictures. Active
Passive: Pictures were being drawn by my brother.

6. Tina has broken the flower vase. Active
The flower vase has been broken by Tina.

7. Tina has broken two cups. Active
Passive: Two cups have been broken by Tina.

8. The boy can drive any car. Active
Passive: Any car can be driven by the boy.

VOICE CHANGE OF NEGATIVE SENTENCE

If the negative sentence is formed with 'do or does' not in active voice, do or does is changed into am/is/ are in passive voice.
Ex: I do not like coffee. Active
Passive: Coffee is not liked by me.

He does not call his friends. Active
Passive: His friends are not called by him.

When negative sentence is formed with 'did', in its place was or were is used.

Ex:  My sister did not receive my call. Active
Passive: My call was not received by my sister.
We did not see them. Active
Passive: They were not seen by us.

In other cases only not is used. To make negative sentence. And it is placed after the first verb in passive.

VOICE CHANGE OF INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE

Interrogative sentence is formed in two ways.

A) WH WORD (who, which, what, when, where, how) + verb + subject + object? Active

WH WORD (who, which, what, when, where, how) auxiliary verb + object + main verb 3 + by Subject? In passive do/ does becomes am/ is / are  and did becomes was/ were.

Ex: When do you take launch? Active
Passive: When is launch taken by you?

How did you solve the sums? Active
Passive: How were the sums solved by you?

Where has he found this precious coin? Active
Passive: Where has this precious coin been found by him?

Who has seen the wind? Active
Passive : By whom has the wind been seen?  (Here the subject is Who itself. And after any preposition whom is used as objective form of who. So by whom .............. is the structure) ่

What do you want? Active
Passive: What is wanted by you? ( Here what is the subject itself. So after what be verb is used)

What can I do with a seed? Active
Passive: what can be done with a seed by me?

B) Do/ does/ did + subject + main verb + object? Active

Passive: Am/ is/ are/ was/ were + object+ main verb3 + by Subject?

Does he like tea? Active
Passive: Is tea liked by him?

Do you love me? Active
Passive: Am I loved by you?

Did they write any letter? Active
Passive: Was any letter written by them?

C) Can/ could/ May/ should/ must/ will/ would + Subject + main verb + object? Active

Passive: Can/ could/ May/ should/ must/ will/ would  Object + be+ main verb 3 + by Subject?

Ex: Can you play chess? Active
Passive: Can chess be played by you?

Should he make this? Active
Passive: Should this be made by him?

VOICE CHANGE OF IMPERATIVE SENTENCE

An IMPERATIVE sentence asks someone to do something. It may have an object or not. It may also begin with let in active voice.
Sentence structure: VERB + OBJECT. Active
Passive: Let + Object + be+ verb3

IMPERATIVE sentence with object.

Ex: Open the door. Active
Passive: Let the door be opened.

Switch off the lights. Active
Passive: Let the lights be switched off.

Close the gate. Active
Passive: Let the gate be closed.

Change the voice. Active
Passive: Let the voice be changed.

Help the poor. Active
Passive: The poor should be helped.

Obey your elders. Active
Passive: Your elders should be obeyed.

Keep your word. Active
Passive: Your word should be kept.

IMPERATIVE sentence without object and begin with please.
Ex:
Keep quiet. Active
Passive: You are requested to keep quiet.

Please come here. Active
Passive: You are requested to come here.

Please go there. Active
Passive: You are requested to go there.

Please do not make noise. Active
Passive: You are requested not to make noise.

Do not smoke here. Active
Passive: You are prohibited to smoke here.

IMPERATIVE sentence with let.

Ex: Let me do this. Active
Passive: Let it be done by me.

Let Ram not do it. Active
Passive: Let it not be done by Ram.

PASSIVE VOICE WITH TWO OBJECTS it means that the verb has two OBJECTS. When these sentences are changed into passive, one object remains the same. Then the object is called retained object.

Ex: He gave me (indirect object) a costly watch ( direct object). Active
Passive: A costly watch was given to me by him.  Or
I was given a costly watch by him. Here in both the sentences me or watch remains object as in active voice. Hence it is called retained object.

I sent him a letter. Active
Passive: A letter was sent to him by me.

Father told me a story. Active
Passive: A story was told to me by father.

Mother bought me a nice gift. Active
Passive: A nice gift was bought for me by mother.

PASSIVE VOICE OF A SENTENCE WITH INTRANSITIVE VERB IS NOT POSSIBLE. BUT WHEN AN INTRANSITIVE VERB TAKES A COGNATE OBJECT, PASSIVE IS DONE.

Ex: The baby sleeps. Passive is not possible of this sentence as the verb has no object.
The baby sleeps a sound sleep. Active
Passive: A sound sleep is slept by the baby.

He ran a race. Active
Passive: A race was run by him.

He dreamt a sweet dream. Active
Passive: A sweet dream was dreamt by him.

The soldiers fought a fight.  Active
Passive: A fight was fought by the soldiers.

He smiled. VOICE of this y is not possible.  But
He smiled at the man. Active
Passive: The man was smiled at by him.

VOICE CHANGE OF COMPLEX SENTENCE: Both principle and subordinate clauses are changed into passive.
Ex: We know that he did the work. Active
Passive: It is known to us that the work was done by him.

What we cannot cure we must endure. Active
Passive: What cannot be cured must be endured.

He told me that he had seen this. Active
Passive: I was told that this had been seen by him.

PASSIVE VOICE WITHOUT 'BY'

Verbs like annoy, please, charm, know, marry, surprise, fill, etc.
Ex: The sight charmed us very much. Active
Passive: We were charmed at the sight.

Rajesh married Rina. Active
Passive: Tina was married to Rajesh.

 Your behavior annoys me. Active
Passive: I am annoyed at your behavior.

I know the man. Active
Passive: The man is known to me.

VOICE CHANGE OF FACTITIVE OBJECTS:  When some verbs do have their object but cannot express complete sense, it requires some other words. Then it is called factitive object.

Ex: We made him the king. Active
Passive: He was made the king (by us).

They elected him the president. Active
Passive: He was elected the president (by us).

The committee appointed Mr Sen the principal. Active
Passive:  Mr Sen was appointed the principal by the committee.

We call him our hero. Active
Passive: He is called our hero.

QUASI PASSIVE VOICE. Some transitive verbs that are active in form but passive in sense, it is called quasi passive.
Ex: Honey tastes sweet. Active
Passive: Honey is sweet when it is tasted.

The books read well. Active
Passive: The books are well when they are read.

The stone feels hard. Active
Passive: Stone is hard when it is felt.

The house is building. Active
Passive: The house is being built.

The books are printing. Active
Passive: The books are being printed.

The bell is ringing. Active
Passive: The bell is being rung.

The counch blows. Active
Passive: The counch is blown.

The girl looks beautiful. Active
Passive: The girl is beautiful when she is looked at.


PASSIVE WITH INFINITIVES:
TO + VERB 1 ...............Active
Passive........... TO + BE + VERB 3

Ex: It is time to close the shop. Active
Passive: It is time for the shop to be closed.

I have to buy some clothes. Active
Passive: Some clothes have to be bought by me.

I am to submit the papers today. Active
Passive: The papers are to be submitted today by me.

I have promises to keep. Active
Passive: I have to be kept.

IN ACTIVE VOICE SOME VERBS DO NOT TAKE INFINITIVE TO AFTER THEM. BUT IN PASSIVE VOICE TO MUST BE USED.
EX: I saw him go. Active
Passive: He was seen by me to go.

He made us laugh. Active
Passive: We were made to laugh by him.

He help me solve the sums. Active
Passive: I am helped by him to solve the sums.

VERB +'PREPOSITION + OBJECT: In passive the preposition is used immediately after the verb.
Ex: We must write to him. Active
Passive: He must be written to.

My sister is listening to music. Active
Passive: Music is being listened to by my sister.

PASSIVE VOICE WITH REFLEXIVE OBJECT : reflexive object cannot be changed into subject in passive.
EX: He killed himself. Active
Passive: He was killed by himself.

The girl hurt herself. Active
Passive: The girl was hurt by herself.

PASSIVE WITH GERUNDS
EX: I remember him taking me  to the zoo. Active
Passive: I remember him being taken  to the zoo.

He wants people helping him. Active
Passive: He wants being helped.

I appreciate giving this chance. Active
Passive: I appreciate being given this chance.

VOICE CHANGE OF THE + GERUNDS + OF + OBJECT
EX: I saw the opening of the new theater. Active
Passive: I saw the new theater being opened.

We saw the feeding of the kits. Active
Passive: We saw the kits being fed.

OMISSION OF SOME WORDS IN PASSIVE BUT USED IN ACTIVE.
Ex: One should keep one's promises. Active
Passive: Promises should be kept.

Some one has picked my pocket. Active
Passive: My pocket has been picked.

We can gain nothing without effort. Active
Passive: Without effort nothing can be gained.

We call tiger our national animal. Active
Passive: Tiger is called our national animal.

I was obliged to leave the place. Active
Passive: Circumstances obliged me to leave the place.

The police arrested the thief. Active
Passive: The thief was arrested. (DOER IS OBVIOUS)


SOME INTRANSITIVE VERBS WITHOUT PASSIVE FORMS
EX: Appear, belong, comprise, consist, despair, die disappear, issue, occur, wonder, happen  , arrive, seem, indulge, perish,  etc.
The house is consisted of five rooms. Wrong
Right: The house consists of five rooms.

The car is belonged to me. Wrong
Right: The car belongs to me.

He was died last month. Wrong
Right: He died last month.

Use of There & It

                               USE OF There

'There'  is used to introduce a person or thing. So it is called introductory there.
Formation of sentence: There + be verb + subject +place.

        Ex: There is a book on the table. There are many books on the table. There was a book on the table. There were many books on the table. There will be many people in the meeting.

There does not take any particular be verb. Verb follows the subject. And after the subject comes place.

In negative sentence only 'not / no' is used after be verbs. Ex: There is no book on the table. There was no one present in the meeting. There are not many good  boys in the class.

Interrogative sentence: Be verb + there+ subject ? Ex: Is there any school in your village? Are there many students in the class?  Is not there a pen in the drawer? Was not there a man standing at the gate?

There as an adverb: 'There' is also used as an adverb when it qualifies a verb to say position.
Ex: I saw a girl there. I have gone there. He will be there to receive you. The books are there on the self.

        PREPARATORY IT

When there is no definite subject, it is used to introduce the sentence. So it is called PREPARATORY IT.

Sentence formation: It + be verb + subject + remaining part of the sentence.
It is Sunday today. It is 5 pm then. It is winter now. It has been raining for two hours. It is fine bright morning.  ( to mean weather and time).

It is very difficult for me to overcome this problem. It is a very nice place to live in. It is not a safe place. It is easy to say but hard to do. It is good to walk in the early morning. It is my duty to look after him. It was his fault to turn on the fan. ( to mean condition, situation, obligation).

It is Mr. Sen who came to visit you this morning. It is he who has broken the glass. It was 12 am when the robbers broke into the house. It is my friends who help me in my need. ( to emphasize a person or thing).

Negative sentence: Only no/ not is used after be verbs. Ex: it is not good to waste time. It is of no use to go there. It is not a nice weather to go outing. It will not be just to call him now.

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE: Be verb + it +subject?
Ex: Is it a work of Rabindranath? Was it a very good place? Is it not suitable? Will it be a great idea to buy a new mobile phone?

IT + BE VERB + TIME +PAST TENSE.
It is five years we went to Kolkata. It is six weeks he went missing. 

participle

PARTICIPLE

Verb+ Ing and past participle form of a verb when works both as a verb and adjective, it called participle.
I saw a bird flying is the sky. Here flying is an example of participle. It describes the bird. And it also says that the bird is doing an action.

PRESENT PARTICIPLE

Verb1 + ing = present participle. It expresses the actions going on.
USE OF PRESENT PARICIPLE
a) As a part of continuous tense: He is running in the field. I am playing cricket with my friends. Going to Delhi, we visited the Tajmahal. The man was sleeping on the bench.
b) As an adjective: Do not try to catch a running train. We saw a tiger entering the forest. The dancing girl on the stage is my sister. Look at the flying birds.
c) As nominative absolute: Weather probing fine, we will go out. God willing, you will find a suitable job. Being ill, he could not go to school. The train being late, we hired a taxi.
d) In joining two sentences: He saw tiger. He ran away from the place. Ans: seeing a tiger, he ran away from the place.
The man is rich. He gave away all his property for the flood affected people. Ans: Being rich, the man gave away all his property for the flood affected people.
He is rich. He is unhappy. (Contrast) Ans: In spite of being rich, he is unhappy.
The man is poor. He helps others in need. (Contrast) Ans: In spite of being poor, the man helps others in need.

PAST PARTICIPLE

It is formed by adding d, ed, t, en, n to the present form of verbs.
USE OF PAST PARTICIPLE
a) As a part of perfect tense: I have written the letter. He has brought a glass frame.
b) As an adjective: a deserted hose. There is a haunted house. My father is a retired teacher. There is a broken chair..
c) Nominative absolute: the sun having risen, we set out our journey.
d) In joining two sentences: He was punished by the teacher. He cried. Ans: Punished by the teacher, he cried. He was deceived by his friends. He lost hopes. Ans: Deceived by friends, he lost all hopes.
e) To express state, habit, character etc: well read man, well behaved person, frankly spoken person, ruined temple, etc.



POSITION OF PRTICIPLE
There are two positions of participle
  A) Attributive, 
  B) Predicative and
  C) Nominative absolute.
A) Attributive: A rolling stone gathers no moss. Broken glasses cannot be joined. A lost moment never comes again. A smiling face can change any heart.
B) Predicative: He is tired. He seems worried. I saw a man standing under the tree. He told me an interesting story.
C) Nominative absolute. The fog having disappeared, we walked forward. The weather being fine, we went for a stroll.

ERRORS IN THE USE OF PARTICIPLE
As participle is a kind of adjective, it is not without a noun or pronoun attached to it. It must have  a subject – object reference.
Example:  Being a hot day, we could not go out. After being a subject is required. Biing it a hot day, we could not go out.
Sitting at the gate, an aunt bit me. Sitting at the gate he was bitten by an aunt.
Entering the class, it was found empty. Entering the class, I found it empty.
While walking in the field, my ring was lost.  While walking in the field, I lost my ring.
But some participles are used as absolute construction. Ex: Considering his knowledge, he was taken in the job. Frankly speaking, he is a true man. Taking everything into consideration, the authority granted money for the affected family.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GERUND AND PARTICIPLE
I like playing. (Gerund) I like children playing here. (Participle)
Walking is good for health. (Gerund) I saw the man walking. (Participle)
I am tired of waiting. (Gerund) he kept me waiting. (Participle)

GERUND

                                                          

                                                            GERUND             

 

VERB 1+ ING = GERUND. WHEN VERB + ING FORM WORKS AS A NOUN AND VERB IT IS CALLED GERUND.

USES OF GRUND:

A)     As the subject: Walking in the morning is a good habit. Reading news paper increases word stock. Painting is my hobby.

B)     As the object: I like dancing. He enjoys cycling. Stop smoking. Start running now.

C)     As object to a preposition: He is fond of playing chess. The man went on catching fish. He keeps on working. He disapproves of jogging. There is no point in waiting for him. After keep on, give up, leave off, Look forward to, put off, see about, care for, accustomed to, used to,  etc gerund is used.

D)     As complement: Seeing is believing. What I like is drawing.

E)      As compound noun: He is in the sleeping room.  My grandfather has a walking stick. Give me a glass of drinking water.

F)       As apposition to ‘it’: It is wise saying this. It is great consoling him.

G)     Gerund after ‘it is of no use’: It is of no use asking him for permission. It is of no use going there now.

H)     In prohibitions: No smoking. No parking. Using mobile phones is prohibited.

VERBAL NOUN: from THE + OF + GERUND

Ex: The dancing of Mamata Shankar is surprising. The batting of Sachin is excellent. The reading of novels is my only pass time. The teaching of James was inspiring.

List of verbs followed by gerund,

Avoid                    admit                    consider               defer                    defer                    deny

Detest                  dislike                   dread                    enjoy                    escape                 excuse

Fancy                    finish                    forgive                 imagine                involve

Mean                    miss                      pardon                 postpone             practice                              prevent

Propose               recollect              remember           resent                   resist                    risk

Stop                      suggest                understand.

Sentences:

a)      He avoids speaking to me these days.

b)      The servant admitted taking jewelry from the safe.

c)      He escaped being run over.

d)      My brother enjoys playing chess.

e)      I have understood his teaching.

f)       Stop behaving like a fool.

g)      The circumstances prevented me from going there.   

h)      He detests people annoying him.

 CANNOT HELP + GERUND.

EX: He cannot help laughing to see the sight. A poet cannot help being gay. I could not help crying. The old man could not help accepting my offer.

WORTH + GERUND

EX: It is no worth going out. There is no worth calling him now. It is worth eating something early.

OBJECT + GERUND

He insisted on my staying with him. He has objected to my playing there. We cannot prevent their quarreling with one another. The teacher has appreciated my scoring good marks in the exam.

MIND + GRUND

EX: Would you mind putting off the light? Would you mind passing the bottle? He did not mind going to the shop for me. Please do not mind my knocking you at mid-night.

               PASSIVE AND PERFECT GRUND

Perfect gerund is formed by having + verb third form. He denied having seen me. The servant was accused of having taken money. Passive gerund is formed by being + verb third form and having been + verb third form. I remember my father being taken me to the fair. There is proof of the letter of having been written. The burning butt shows sign of someone of having been here.

               ERRORS IN THE USE OF GERUND

A)     It is no use of you trying for the job. (wrong) It is no use of your trying for the job. (correct)

B)     We prevented them to fight. (wrong)  We prevented them from fighting. (correct)

C)     I am afraid to go out now. (wrong) I am afraid of going out now. (correct)

D)     The man could not help to shout and cry. (wrong) The man could not help to shouting and crying. (correct)

E)      He denied to speak anything. (wrong) He denied speaking anything. (correct)

F)      At last he succeeded to learn French. (wrong) At last he succeeded in learning French. (correct)

G)     I am looking forward to hear you soon. (wrong) I am looking forward to hearing you soon. (correct)