DIFFERENCE IN USES OF DIFFERENT WORDS

DIFFERENCE IN USES OF DIFFERENT WORDS

FEW (almost none): It has negative force.  It is used with countable noun.

FEW+ PLURAL NOUN + PLURAL VERB

Few boys are present in the class. Very few members agreed at the proposal.Few friends are ready to help the boy. I have few relatives. He has few rivals in the class.

A FEW (some): It has positive force.

A few boys are present in the class today. A few girls have brought flowers with them.

THE FEW (not many but all): The few boys are present in the class, are ready to continue their lessons. The few mangoes which I bought were very sweet.

LITTLE (almost nothing): It has negative force. It is used with uncountable noun.

LITTLE +SINGULAR NOUN + SINGULAR VERB

 There is little water in the pond. I have little time to waste.

A LITTLE (small quantity): A little effort will help you score good marks. There is a little room in the bus.

THE LITTLE (not much but all): The little water in the glass will fill my thirsty. The little rice I have for lunch, Will be shared.

A LOT OF/ LOTS OF + singular subject + singular verbs.

A lot of time has been spent to settle the problem. A lot of / lots of money has been spent for his treatment.

A LOT OF/ LOTS OF + plural subject + plural verb.

Ex: A lot of people / lots of people are coming to attend the meeting.

There are a lot of books / lots of books in the library. He makes mistakes lots of times (occasion).

SOMETIME ( formerly): He had been sometime a manager in the farm.

SOME TIME (period of time):  I have been waiting here for some time. Rest for some time. Keep quiet for some time.

SOMETIMES (occasionally): He is sometimes very rude. Sometimes I visit our relatives.

MUCH: It denotes quantity. He gave me much trouble. I am much surprised. MUCH money has been lost.

MANY: It denotes number.

MANY + PLURAL NOUN + PLURAL VERB.

Many books are lying scattered on the floor. There are many people who do not believe in ghosts.

TOO( excess): It refers to beyond limits. It is used with infinitive.

I am too weak to walk any longer. The boy is too old to reach the branch of the tree.

ENOUGH: It refers to exact/ necessary limit.

Ex: He is qualified enough to perform the duties. The man is brave enough to tell the truth.

A MANY: A + great + many + plural noun + plural verb.

Ex: A great many houses were destroyed in the flood.

MANY A: MANY A + SINGULAR NOUN + SINGULAR VERB.

Many a flower blooms unseen. Many a man has accepted the truth.

Many an actor fails to express their feelings.

EACH (one f two or more):

EACH + SINGULAR NOUN + SINGULAR VERB

Ex: Each boy was given a pen. Each of the two sons is very intelligent. Each boy and each girl is willing to participate in the program.

EVERY (more than two): Every student out of five has scored well. Everybody is very interested in music. Everybody must do his duty.

ANYONE: It is singular in form. It takes a singular verb.

Anyone is allowed here. Anyone who wants to be happy must work hard. Will anyone give his copy to me?

ANY ONE: It refers to things or one in number.

Any one of the two boys is allowed to go out. Any one of the bats will help me.

ANY: It is used in negative and Interrogative sentences.

Ex: Do you have any problem if I call you at night?  I don't have any problem. Do you love any letter? I love, but I don't have any.

SOME: It is used in affirmative sentence and Interrogative sentence expressing command.

Ex: Mother gave me some chocolates to share with my friends. I bought some story books from the fair. Could you lend me some money? (Please lend me some money).

Simple sentence

                     SIMPLE SENTENCE

A simple sentence consists of one subject and one finite verb, though it may have more non- finite verbs. Finite verb denotes an action complete. It is limited to tense, person and number.

Non finite verb denotes an action not complete it is not limited to tense, person and number.

Rajesh is an honest boy. He does not tell a lie. There are two simple sentences. These two sentences can be joined into one simple sentence.

Being an honest boy, Rajesh does not tell a lie.
'Being' is a non-finite verb. Subject is Rajesh. Tell is finite verb. Hence it is a simple sentence.

To say the truth, he is great scientist. 'To say' is a non-finite verb. 'Is' is a finite verb. Subject is 'He'. Hence it is a simple sentence.


RULES TO FORM SIMPLE SENTENCES

A) Am/ is / are/ was/ were becomes BEING:

He is a simple man. He does not like quarrel.
SIMPLE: Being a simple man, he does not like quarrel.

But if the two sentences have CONTRAST ' inspired of being' should be used'.

He is rich. He is not happy.
SIMPLE: In spite of being rich, he is not happy.

My brother was seriously injured. He went to join the meeting.
In spite of being seriously injured, my brother went to join the meeting.

DESPITE: In the place of in spite of we can use DESPITE. But after DESPITE of is not used.
Despite being seriously injured, my brother went to join the meeting.

B)First action  becomes PARTICIPLE. (VERB 1 + ING =PRESENT PARTICIPLE.)

I saw a tiger. I ran away.
SIMPLE: Seeing a tiger, I ran away.

The Hunter saw a lion coming. He lifted his gun.
SIMPLE: Seeing a lion coming, the hunter lifted his gun.

The baby saw a bird. It was flying in the sky.
SIMPLE: The baby saw a bird flying in the sky.

There is a chair in the room. The chai is broken.
SIMPLE: There is a broken chair in the room. (USE OF PAST PARTICIPLE)

The man finished his work. He left for home.
SIMPLE: Finishing his work, the man left for home.

C) BY USING INFINITIVE: (TO + VERB = INFINITIVE)

He went to Digha. His purpose was to visit the sea.
SIMPLE: He went to Digha to visit the sea. (PURPOSE)

I have some duties. I must perform them.
SIMPLE: I have some duties to perform.

The tea was very hot. I could not drink it.
SIMPLE: The tea was too hot for me to drink.

The tea is so hot that it cannot be drunk.
SIMPLE: The tea is too hot to be drunk.
Too....in place of so / very
To ......in place of that.

He has no money. He cannot buy his bread.
SIMPLE: He has no money to buy his bread.

I couldn't attend his birthday party. I had no time.
SIMPLE: I had no time to attend his birthday party.


ADJECTIVE/ ADVERB + ENOUGH + INFINITIVE

He is very strong. He can work for long five hours without a rest.
SIMPLE: He is strong enough to work for long five hours without a rest.

The sum very easy. Even a child can solve this.
SIMPLE: The sum is easy enough even for a child to solve this.

D) BY USING APPOSITION:

Rabindranath Tagore is a famous Bengali poet. He won the Nobel prize in literature.
SIMPLE: Rabindranath, a famous Bengali poet, won
the Nobel prize in literature.

The Excalibur was a magic sword. King Arthur gave it to one of his trusted knights.
King Arthur gave the Excalibur, a magic sword, to one of his trusted knights.
Or: The Excalibur, a magic sword, was given to one of his trusted knights by King Arthur.

We visited the Taj Mahal. It is a monument in Agra.
SIMPLE: We visited the Taj Mahal, a monument in Agra.

E) BY USING ADVERB OR ADVERBIAL PHRASES:

He died at an early age. It was unfortunate.
SIMPLE: Unfortunately he died at an early age.

The principal will not come today. It is certain.
SIMPLE: Certainly the principal will not come today.

The sun set. The workers left for their homes.
SIMPLE: The workers left for their homes at the sun set.

F) BY USING NOMINATIVE ABSOLUTE:

The sun rose. The fog disappeared.
SIMPLE: The sun having risen, the fog disappeared. ( Two parts of the sentence are not connected with each other grammatically)

The weather proved fine. We set out our journey.
SIMPLE: The weather having proved fine, we set out our journey.

 The gate was closed. The children couldn't enter the garden.
SIMPLE: The gate having been closed, the children couldn't enter the garden.

It was very cold outside. I couldn't go for the evening walk.
Being it very cold outside, I couldn't go for the evening walk.

H) BY USING PREPOSITION WITH NOUN OR GERUNDS

Mr. Das was a very good scientist. He was also a philosopher.
SIMPLE: Besides being a very good scientist, Mr.Das was a philosopher.

He worked hard. He didn't sleep for a minute.
SIMPLE: He worked hard without sleeping for a minute.

He accepted my proposal. He did it happily.
SIMPLE: He accepted my proposal with happiness.
He heard of failure. He fainted.
SIMPLE: On hearing of my fair, he fainted.

CLAUSE JOINING

NOUN CLAUSE............................................................ADJECTIVE CLAUSE DIFFERENCE
Tell me Who did it............................................................ I know the man who did it.
I know where he lives........................................................I know the place where he lives.


AN ADJECTIVE CLAUSE HAS ITS ANTECEDENT, BUT NOUN CLAUSE DOES NOT HAVE.

JOINING OF SENTENCES

1) I saw him fall. I ran towards him.
COMPLEX: When I saw him fall, I ran towards him.

2) A man may be poor. Yet he will win the respect. He must be honest. My father says this.
COMPLEX: My father says that even a poor man must be honest to win the respect.
Or : My father says that however poor a man may be, he will win respect if he is honest.

3) His father met with an accident. He heard this. He fainted.
COMPLEX: He fainted to hear that his father had met with an accident.

4) Where is the Siva temple situated? Can you tell me?
COMPLEX: Can you tell me where the Siva temple is situated?
 (Two INTERROGATIVE forms will not be used) ( Question+Question= Question)

5)  The man is too weak to walk fast.
COMPLEX: The man is so weak that he can't walk fast. (Too....so, to.....that + cannot present, could not PAST)
The man was too weak to walk fast.
The man was so weak that he couldn't walk fast.

6) Biman waited for me. He waited till my arrival.
COMPLEX: Biman waited until I came.

7) We eat. We want to live.
COMPLEX: We eat so that we may lives.

8) He was returning from Delhi. He dropped at his friend.
COMPLEX: While retaining from Delhi, he dropped at his friend.

9) Don't eat fast food. It is my suggestion.
Complex: It is my suggestion that you shouldn't eat fast food.

10) Why did you behave so rudely with the guests? Tell me.
COMPLEX: Tell me why you behaved so rudely with the guests. (Question + statement= Statement)

11) How pappy we were there! I cannot tell you.
COMPLEX: I cannot tell you how happy we were there. (EXCLAMATORY + ASSERTIVE = ASSERTIVE)

12)  Molina came to the station. She is the girl friend of my friend.
COMPLEX: Molina who came to the station is the girl friend of my friend.

13) I am going to Simla. My uncle lives there.
COMPLEX: I am going to Simla where my uncle lives.

14) This is done. This cannot be undone.
COMPLEX: What is done cannot be undone.

15) This is the box. My mother keeps her ornaments in this box.
COMPLEX: This is the box in what my mother keeps her ornaments.

16) The miserly man had enormous wealth. He never enjoyed peace of mind.
COMPLEX: Though the miserly man had enormous wealth, he never enjoyed peace of mind.

17) You are not taking care of your health. Can you tell me the reason?
COMPLEX: Can you tell me the reason why you are not taking care of your health?

18) He is a clever boy. No other boy in the class is more clever.
COMPLEX: He is cleverer than any other boy in the class (is).
No other boy in the class is cleverer than he (is).

19) He will go to school only under compulsion.
COMPLEX: He will not go to school if he is not compelled.
Or He will not go to school unless he is compelled.

20) The train will arrive at a certain time. No one knows the time.
COMPLEX: No one knows the time when the train will arrive.

concept of clause

CONCEPT OF COMPLEX SENTENCE 

Definition: A complex sentence is one in which there are one principal clause and one or more subordinate clauses.  
What is a clause?

A clause is a part of a sentence with subject and predicate but cannot express complete sense. It mainly forms a part of a sentence.

I know that he is a very good person. This sentence has two parts, or two classes. Main clause and subordinate clause. 
'I know' it is the main clause. It can form a sentence without the rest part of the sentence.
'That he is a very good person,' is the subordinate clause. It cannot express a complete sense. 

Rabindranath is a great poet who composed poems, short stories and novels. Here '-who composed poems, short stories and novels'-is subordinate clause. It cannot express that Rabindranath is a great poet. 

NOUN CLAUSE: When a clause works as a noun, it is called noun clause. It has the same function that a noun has.

USE OF NOUN CLAUSE


A) As the subject: That the earth is round round (subject) is known to all. 
                                 When the train will leave the station (subject) is not certain.
                                 What he is doing there has not been known. 
                                 Where is he now is the mystery to us.

B) As the object to a verb:  We know that the earth is round.
                                                I(subject) know(verb) that he is ill (object).
                                                 He said that he was not there.
                                                 I know when he will come.

C) As object to a preposition: I know nothing of (preposition) what he will do (object).
                                                     It depends on how you will face the problem.
                                                      Listen to what the speaker is indicating.
                                                       Dr. Sen is proud of what his son has achieved. 

D) As complement to a verb: That is  (verb) what we want (complement).
                                                    The truth is, he is ill. 
                                                    This is how I solved the sum. 

D) As apposition to a noun or it: The news that he has met with an accident is true. Here ' that he has met with an accident' is the apposition to the noun news. 
                                                       It is not true that he has come. 
                                                       It is known that the minister will be at the program.
                                                       It is sure that the manager will resign.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE: 

An ADJECTIVE CLAUSE does the work of an adjective and qualifies a noun or pronoun.

I know the man who is your teacher.
In the above sentence who is your teacher qualifies the man. The clause says something more about the man. Hence it is an ADJECTIVE CLAUSE.


More EX: This is the book which was given to me by mother.
Look at the bird which is flying above the tree.
A stone which is rolling gathers no moss.

Linker of ADJECTIVE CLAUSE: 
Person.............Who
Thing/ animal........which
Time..............when
Place..............where
Person's..............whose
To person............... whom
As and but are also used as linker. 

Only such boys are selected as can speak English fluently.
There is none but does not want to be happy. (None who.....)

Sometimes 'that' is also used as linker. It has been discussed in the level PRONOUNS. 

The noun or pronoun before the linker is called antecedent. After the linker verb is used according to the number and person of the antecedent.

The book (antecedent) which I bought (is) lost.  Antecedent SINGULAR....verb SINGULAR
The books (antecedent) which I bought (are) lost. Antecedent PLURAL.....verb PLURAL

Antecedent and linker must be placed together. 

The horses coming from Arabia which are in much demand. ..........wrong
The horses which are coming from Arabia are in much demand.........correct
The man came from The U.S. who is my friend. .........wrong
The man who came from The U.S. is my friend............correct

SOMETIMES RELATIVE PRONOUNS ARE OMITTED WHEN IT IS AN OBJECTIVE CASE

I have lost the book my mom gave me.
He has forgotten the promises he made.


ADVERBIAL CLAUSE: 

It does the work of an adverb and mentions TIME, PLACE, MANNER, PURPOSE, REASON, RESULT, CONDITION of an action.

A) TIME:      As, whenever, When,while, after, before, till, in till, since, etc.
                    While he was wandering in the desert, he found a rare stone
                    I got the news when I was in Kolkata.
                    Father came after I had finished my homework.
                    Look before you leap. 
                    While there is fire, there is smoke. 
                    He came across me as he was passing that way.

B) PLACE:  Where, wherever, etc
                   Where there is smoke, there is fire. 
                  You may go wherever you want.
                   Stop where you are. 

C) PURPOSE:   That, so that, in order that, lest.
                          We eat that we may live.
                          He worked hard so that he might get enough money.
                          Walk fast lest you be left behind.
                          Walk slowly lest you should fall.

D) REASON: because, since, as ,that.
                      I am sorry that I have hurt you.
                      He can't come because he is ill.
                      As he is ill, he will not play.
                      Since I have promises to keep, I must go to them.

E) CONDITION: If, unless, in case, provided, whether.
                            If he comes, I will go out.
                             I will not go unless he comes.
                             I can let you leave, provided that you will come again.
                             we are willing to join them, in case we manage our boss. 

F) RESULT: That, so that, such that. 
                    I was so engaged that I couldn't receive your call.
                    What have I done, that he has left me?

G) CONTRAST: though, although, even if.
                            Although the man is very poor, he paid his debts.
                            Though I am late, I will go.
                            Though the circumstances is not favourable, we stay there for a month.
                             Even if it rains, the match will be held.

H) MANNER: As, as if. 
                        Read as you like. It happened as we wished. 
                        He did as he was instructed. 

I) DEGREE:  As, so as, than, as as, the.
                     You are taller than your brother.
                      He is not so intelligent as l. 
              The more we get, the more we want.
               He is as hard as pavement.

JOINING TWO OR MORE SENTENCES IS  NEXT TO BE PUBLISHED...

NARRATION

NARRATION CHANGE OF EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE: The sentence ends with ! Sign. In INDIRECT ( .) Is used in its place.

'Said to' becomes exclaimed / Exclaimed with/ in sorrow/ grief/ Wonder etc.
He said, " What a nice picture it is!" DIRECT

INDIRECT: He exclaimed that it was a very nice picture. (If what or how qualifies an ADJECTIVE, instead of them very is used.

He said, "'How cold it is outside!" DIRECT
INDIRECT: He exclaimed that it was very cold outside.

The man said," What a beautiful bird it is!"
The man exclaimed that the bird was very beautiful.

She said, " How pappy we were there!" DIRECT
INDIRECT: She exclaimed that they had been very happy there.

Harrah.............. exclaimed with joy
Alas.....................exclaimed with sorrow

The boy said, "Hurrah! We have won the match." DIRECT
INDIRECT: The boy exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.

He said, " Alas! the man is no more." DIRECT
INDIRECT: The man exclaimed with sorrow that the man was no more.

NARRATION CHANGE OF OPTATIVE SENTENCE

Reporting verb said becomes wished/ Prayed.  That is also used as linker.

He said to him, " May you be happy."  DIRECT
 INDIRECT :He wished that he might be happy.

He said, " could I but get the prize." DIRECT
INDIRECT: He expressed a wish that he could but get the prize.

Father said to me, " May you prosper." DIRECT
INDIRECT: Father wished me prosperity.

He said ," Good bye" DIRECT
INDIRECT: He bade me good bye.

Mother said to me, May God grant you a long life." DIRECT
INDIRECT: Mother prayed that God might grant me a long life.

NARRATION CHANGE OF VOCATIVE CASE

The teacher said, "Be quite, my boys." DIRECT
INDIRECT:  The teacher asked/ told/ ordered the boys to be quite.

James's father said, " James, do not disobey your elders."DIRECT
INDIRECT: James father forbade James to disobey the elders.

The man said to the minister, " Your honour, I will obey your instructions." DIRECT
INDIRECT: The man addressed the minister and said that he would obey his instructions.

NARRATION CHANGE OF MORE than one sentence together.

He said to me, " Why don't you open a bank account. I have opened one." DIRECT
INDIRECT: He advised me to open a bank account and he also informed me that he had opened one.
He said to me, " Please leave your phone number. Write down your address also." DIRECT
INDIRECT : He requested me to leave my phone number and write down my address also.

Exceptional uses
He said to me, " thank you."
He thanked me.

                         CHANGE OF TIME AND PLACE
DIRECT...........................INDIRECT
NOW...............................THEN
AGO................................BEFORE
THIS................................THAT
THESE................. . ..........THOSE
HERE................................THERE
HENCE...............................THENCE
HITHER...............................THITHER
TODAY.............................THAT DAY
TOMORROW.....................THE FOLLOWING DAY/ NEXT DAY
YESTERDAY........................THE PREVIOUS DAY/ THE DAY BEFORE

                     CHANGE OF PRONOUNS
PRONOUNS like I, we, our, my, me, mine, us, and ours  in DIRECT speech, refer to the SPEAKER. they are changed according to the SPEAKER.

PRONOUNS like you, your, yours in the DIRECT speech , refer to the listener and are changed according to the listener.

PRONOUNS like he, she, they,his, him, her, hers, it, them in DIRECT speech are not CHANGED.



CHARGING A CONVERSATION
The soldier: Why did you not salute the cap?
The man: I do not respkg kect it.
The soldier: Why?
The man: It doesn't belong to our nation. It belongs to the tyrant.

The soldier asked the man why he had not saluted the cap. The man said that he did not rerespect it. Then the soldier wanted to know why he didn't respect it. In reply the man said that it didn't belong to their nation and he also informed that it belonged to the tyrant.

NARRATION

           NARRATION CHANGE

DIRECT: When the verb repeats the actual words of the speaker.

INDIRECT: When the verb gives the substance of the words spoken by the speaker.

He said (reporting verb), " I am ill (reported speech)." DIRECT
INDIRECT: He said that he was ill.

(,) Is changed into THAT.

(" ") ARE OMITTED When changing direct to indirect.

When the reporting verb is PRESENT OR FUTURE, THE TENSE OF THE REPORTED SPEECH IS NOT CHANGED.
Mother says, " I have cooked a delicious food." DIRECT
INDIRECT: Mother says that she has cooked a delicious food. (Both reporting verb and reported speech are in present tense)
He will say, " I have not seen anything." DIRECT
INDIRECT: He will say that he has not seen anything.

Tina said to Mini, " I have lost my phone." DIRECT
INDIRECT: Tina told Mini that she had lost her phone.

 'Said to' becomes told.

See how verb changes when reporting verb is PAST.

               DIRECT..................................INDIRECT
   A.        Verb1.................................... verb 2
   B.         Verb 2.................................. Had + verb 3
   C.        Am/ is/ are........ ...... ...........was/ were
    .          Was/ were.................'......... Had been
   D.         Has/ Have......................... . Had
   E.          Will......................................would
   F.          Can..................................... could
   G.           May................................... might
   H.          Must....................................Must

                      NARRATION OF ASSERTIVE SENTENCES

Father said to me, " You did very well in the examination." DIRECT
INDIRECT: Father told me that I had done very well in the examination.

The man said to Mini, " I know your brother." DIRECT
INDIRECT:  The man told Mini that he knew her brother.

He said, " I am drawing a picture." DIRECT
INDIRECT: He said that he was drawing a picture.

Ram said to Sham, " I was driving my car at a speed of 80 kph." DIRECT
INDIRECT: Ram told Sham that he was driving his car at a speed of 80  kph.

The boy said, " I was on my way to school." DIRECT
INDIRECT: The boy said that he had been on his way to school.

                    NARRATION OF INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE
Said to here becomes asked. 'That' is not used.
Structure: VERB + subject + object/ complement?DIRECT
Structure:  If +Subject + verb + object/ complement. INDIRECT

He said to me, " Are you sleeping?" DIRECT
INDIRECT: He asked me if I was sleeping.

The teacher said to Mini, " Do you know how to start a computer?" DIRECT
INDIRECT: The teacher asked Mini if she knew how to start a computer.

(IN INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE 'DO/ DOES' IS OMITTED) ( 'DID' BECOMES HAD + VERB3 is used)

The doctor said to Sham, " Did you eat any fast food?" DIRECT
INDIRECT: The doctor asked Sham if he had eaten any fast food.

Mr Roy said to Mr Sen, " Can you help me solve this problem?" DIRECT
INDIRECT: Mr Roy asked Mr Sen if he could help him solve that problem.

                   NARRATION OF IMPERATIVE SENTENCE:
 An IMPERATIVE sentence begins with a verb and asks the second person to do something.
'THAT' is not used. 'TO' is used for joining the reported speech.
'Said to' becomes told / ordered/ advised / requested etc.

Teacher said to me, " Go to your classroom." DIRECT
INDIRECT: Teacher ordered me to go to my classroom.

Mother said to me, " Be quiet." DIRECT
INDIRECT: Mother ordered me to be quiet.

He said to me," Please give me your pen." DIRECT
INDIRECT: He requested me to give him my pen.

The guide said," Do not smoke here." DIRECT ( Do not= not to)
INDIRECT: The guide ordered not to smoke there. Or
The guide forbade to smoke there.

                         IMPERATIVE sentence with let:
He said to him," Let's arrange a picnic." (Suggestion ) said to becomes proposed or suggested. After that should is used.
He proposed that they should arrange a picnic.

The man said, " Let me come in."
The man requested that he might be allowed to come in. Let means request. Here might be allowed to is used.

                    INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE WITH WH WORD

She said to me, " who are you?" DIRECT
Structure: Wh word + verb + subject +  object?

INDIRECT: She asked me who I was.
Structure: wh word + Subject + verb +  object.

Father said to Rajesh, " How is your exam? DIRECT
INDIRECT: Father asked Rajesh how his exam was.

My friend said to me, "When will you be at the party? DIRECT
INDIRECT: My friend asked me when I would be at the party.

                  QUESTION TAG
Ram said to Sham, " The picture is very nice, isn't it?" DIRECT
INDIRECT: Ram asked Sham if the picture was very nice.

Ram said to Sham, " The picture is not very nice, is it?" DIRECT
INDIRECT: Ram asked Sham if the picture was very nice.  
        To Be continued..

SEQUENCE AND CONDITION OF TENSES

     SEQUENCE AND CONDITION OF TENSES

1) If the verb in the principle clause is in present or future TENSE, the in the subordinate clauses may be in any TENSE.

Principle clause.                                           Subordinate clause
He says...................................                      that he will go to buy medicine.
He says...................................                       that he went to buy medicine.
He says...................................                      that he goes to buy medicine.
He will say..............................                      that he was busy in his office.
He will say.............................                        that he everyday goes to school.

2) If the verb in the principle clause is in the past tense, the verb in the subordinate clauses must be in corresponding PAST TENSE.
Principle clause..................................... Subordinate clause
He said.................................                    that he did not see them.
He said.................................                     that  he was busy in his office.
He said.................................                     that had received the letter in time.
He said.................................                     that he would come here the following day.

3) When subordinate clauses denotes COMPARISON or works as an ADJECTIVE, there is no definite rule for TENSES.
Principle clause..........................................Subordinate clause
He loves you..................................               as much as he loves me.
 He loved you..................................             as much as he loves me.        
He will love you..................................         as much as he loved me.       
I know the man...................................         who  told you the story.
I saw the boy................................          who is your best friend.
I have lost the book.......................        which my brother presented me on my birthday.
I will buy the best picture...............       that is available in the market.

         IF CONDITION

1)  IF + PRESENT..........................., FUTURE 
Ex: If you read,                                   you will be successful.
If he comes,                                       I will go out with him. 
If it rains,                                             we will not play today.
If you love all,                                    you will be loved by all.


But when the it qualifies a present action, both the TENSES are in present.
If we don't work,                               we gain nothing. 
If we boil water,                                 it evaporates.
If you can change it,                          change it into a good thing.


IF + PRESENT + IMPERATIVE SENTENCE
If you meet my brother,                      tell him to come fast.
If you are free,                                      help me solve this problem.
If he calls me,                                        tell him I have gone out.
If you want to get full marks,              you must/ should work hard.


2) IF + PAST,.......... ......................... WOULD+ VERB 1
 If he came,                                       I would give him this.
If she was not ill,                              she would be here with me.
If my brother worked hard,           he would also pass with good marks.        
If I learnt this earlier,                      I would let you know everything. ( But I have not learnt it)


3) IF + PAST PARTICIPLE,......................... WOULD + HAVE VERB 3
If he had come,                                            he would have seen the movie. (But he did not see, because he did not come)
If you had been here,                                  you would have enjoyed very much.
If they had not gone out,                            they would not have met with the accident. 
If I had seen him,                                          I could have helped him.
Had I the wings of a dove,                           I would have flown in the sky.
MORE:  If we had been there, we would have been doing well.
              If he had been working, he would have made enough money.
          
     IMAGINARY CONDITION

     If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky.
    If they were with us, they would save us from this trouble.
    If he were offered this job, he would not deny it.
   If it were a Sunday today, I would go for a long drive.
(IN THIS CONDITIONAL 'WERE' IS USED AFTER ANY SUBJECT, SINGULAR OR PLURAL)

IF + PRESENT, ......... + CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT, SHOULD, MUST to show possibility, ability, or permission, command, advice.
If your work is done, you can/ may leave. 
If  you make a noise, you will be punished.
If he wants to play, let him. 
If she wants to be a doctor, she should not waste a single minute.


IF + WOULD LIKE/ CARE. 
If you would like to come again, you are welcome.
If he would like to play with me, I have no problem. 
If they would care to visit our home, tell them to come. 


Exercise: 1. If I (be) you, I (not do ) it.
2)If he (not read ) he would miss a carrier.
3) IF you (go) on a diet, you would lose weight.
4) If I had been you, I (not agree) to the proposal.
5) If he (admit )his guilt, I (not punish) him.