voice change

                                    VOICE CHANGE

Active voice: When the subject is the doer of the action it is called to be in the active voice.
Passive voice: When something is done to the subject it is called to be in the passive voice.

He plays cricket.... (Active) .....Subject+ verb + object.

Cricket is played by him. ...(Passive) ....Object + auxiliary verb + main verb3 + by Subject.

TO CHANGE AN ACTIVE VOICE INTO PASSIVE, THE BASIC IS TO CHANGE THE FORMS OF VERB. IT IS HERE.


        Active........................................................Passive
    Verb1/ e/es................................................. am/is/are + verb3
    Verb2........................................................... was/were +verb3
    Has/have......................................................has/have + been +verb3
    Had.............................................................. had +been+ verb 3
    Am/is/are + verb ing form...........................am/is/are + being + verb3
    Was /were +verb ing form.......................... was/were +being + verb3
    Can............................................................... Can + be + verb 3
    Could.............................................................Could + be + verb.                
    Will............................................................... Will +be + verb 3
    Would............................................................would +be+verb3
    Should.......................................................... Should + be + verb 3
    May................................................................May +be + verb 3
    Might..............................................................Might +be + verb 3

EXAMPLES AGAINST EACH CHANGE OF VERB FORMS

1.  I read (1) the Telegraph. Active
Passive: The Telegraph is read (3) by me.

2. He teaches (es) English. Active
Passive: English is taught by him.

3. She drinks (s) tea. Active
Passive: Tea is drunk by her.

4. The girl is singing a song. Active
Passive: A song is being sung by the girl.

5. My brother was drawing pictures. Active
Passive: Pictures were being drawn by my brother.

6. Tina has broken the flower vase. Active
The flower vase has been broken by Tina.

7. Tina has broken two cups. Active
Passive: Two cups have been broken by Tina.

8. The boy can drive any car. Active
Passive: Any car can be driven by the boy.

VOICE CHANGE OF NEGATIVE SENTENCE

If the negative sentence is formed with 'do or does' not in active voice, do or does is changed into am/is/ are in passive voice.
Ex: I do not like coffee. Active
Passive: Coffee is not liked by me.

He does not call his friends. Active
Passive: His friends are not called by him.

When negative sentence is formed with 'did', in its place was or were is used.

Ex:  My sister did not receive my call. Active
Passive: My call was not received by my sister.
We did not see them. Active
Passive: They were not seen by us.

In other cases only not is used. To make negative sentence. And it is placed after the first verb in passive.

VOICE CHANGE OF INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE

Interrogative sentence is formed in two ways.

A) WH WORD (who, which, what, when, where, how) + verb + subject + object? Active

WH WORD (who, which, what, when, where, how) auxiliary verb + object + main verb 3 + by Subject? In passive do/ does becomes am/ is / are  and did becomes was/ were.

Ex: When do you take launch? Active
Passive: When is launch taken by you?

How did you solve the sums? Active
Passive: How were the sums solved by you?

Where has he found this precious coin? Active
Passive: Where has this precious coin been found by him?

Who has seen the wind? Active
Passive : By whom has the wind been seen?  (Here the subject is Who itself. And after any preposition whom is used as objective form of who. So by whom .............. is the structure) ่

What do you want? Active
Passive: What is wanted by you? ( Here what is the subject itself. So after what be verb is used)

What can I do with a seed? Active
Passive: what can be done with a seed by me?

B) Do/ does/ did + subject + main verb + object? Active

Passive: Am/ is/ are/ was/ were + object+ main verb3 + by Subject?

Does he like tea? Active
Passive: Is tea liked by him?

Do you love me? Active
Passive: Am I loved by you?

Did they write any letter? Active
Passive: Was any letter written by them?

C) Can/ could/ May/ should/ must/ will/ would + Subject + main verb + object? Active

Passive: Can/ could/ May/ should/ must/ will/ would  Object + be+ main verb 3 + by Subject?

Ex: Can you play chess? Active
Passive: Can chess be played by you?

Should he make this? Active
Passive: Should this be made by him?

VOICE CHANGE OF IMPERATIVE SENTENCE

An IMPERATIVE sentence asks someone to do something. It may have an object or not. It may also begin with let in active voice.
Sentence structure: VERB + OBJECT. Active
Passive: Let + Object + be+ verb3

IMPERATIVE sentence with object.

Ex: Open the door. Active
Passive: Let the door be opened.

Switch off the lights. Active
Passive: Let the lights be switched off.

Close the gate. Active
Passive: Let the gate be closed.

Change the voice. Active
Passive: Let the voice be changed.

Help the poor. Active
Passive: The poor should be helped.

Obey your elders. Active
Passive: Your elders should be obeyed.

Keep your word. Active
Passive: Your word should be kept.

IMPERATIVE sentence without object and begin with please.
Ex:
Keep quiet. Active
Passive: You are requested to keep quiet.

Please come here. Active
Passive: You are requested to come here.

Please go there. Active
Passive: You are requested to go there.

Please do not make noise. Active
Passive: You are requested not to make noise.

Do not smoke here. Active
Passive: You are prohibited to smoke here.

IMPERATIVE sentence with let.

Ex: Let me do this. Active
Passive: Let it be done by me.

Let Ram not do it. Active
Passive: Let it not be done by Ram.

PASSIVE VOICE WITH TWO OBJECTS it means that the verb has two OBJECTS. When these sentences are changed into passive, one object remains the same. Then the object is called retained object.

Ex: He gave me (indirect object) a costly watch ( direct object). Active
Passive: A costly watch was given to me by him.  Or
I was given a costly watch by him. Here in both the sentences me or watch remains object as in active voice. Hence it is called retained object.

I sent him a letter. Active
Passive: A letter was sent to him by me.

Father told me a story. Active
Passive: A story was told to me by father.

Mother bought me a nice gift. Active
Passive: A nice gift was bought for me by mother.

PASSIVE VOICE OF A SENTENCE WITH INTRANSITIVE VERB IS NOT POSSIBLE. BUT WHEN AN INTRANSITIVE VERB TAKES A COGNATE OBJECT, PASSIVE IS DONE.

Ex: The baby sleeps. Passive is not possible of this sentence as the verb has no object.
The baby sleeps a sound sleep. Active
Passive: A sound sleep is slept by the baby.

He ran a race. Active
Passive: A race was run by him.

He dreamt a sweet dream. Active
Passive: A sweet dream was dreamt by him.

The soldiers fought a fight.  Active
Passive: A fight was fought by the soldiers.

He smiled. VOICE of this y is not possible.  But
He smiled at the man. Active
Passive: The man was smiled at by him.

VOICE CHANGE OF COMPLEX SENTENCE: Both principle and subordinate clauses are changed into passive.
Ex: We know that he did the work. Active
Passive: It is known to us that the work was done by him.

What we cannot cure we must endure. Active
Passive: What cannot be cured must be endured.

He told me that he had seen this. Active
Passive: I was told that this had been seen by him.

PASSIVE VOICE WITHOUT 'BY'

Verbs like annoy, please, charm, know, marry, surprise, fill, etc.
Ex: The sight charmed us very much. Active
Passive: We were charmed at the sight.

Rajesh married Rina. Active
Passive: Tina was married to Rajesh.

 Your behavior annoys me. Active
Passive: I am annoyed at your behavior.

I know the man. Active
Passive: The man is known to me.

VOICE CHANGE OF FACTITIVE OBJECTS:  When some verbs do have their object but cannot express complete sense, it requires some other words. Then it is called factitive object.

Ex: We made him the king. Active
Passive: He was made the king (by us).

They elected him the president. Active
Passive: He was elected the president (by us).

The committee appointed Mr Sen the principal. Active
Passive:  Mr Sen was appointed the principal by the committee.

We call him our hero. Active
Passive: He is called our hero.

QUASI PASSIVE VOICE. Some transitive verbs that are active in form but passive in sense, it is called quasi passive.
Ex: Honey tastes sweet. Active
Passive: Honey is sweet when it is tasted.

The books read well. Active
Passive: The books are well when they are read.

The stone feels hard. Active
Passive: Stone is hard when it is felt.

The house is building. Active
Passive: The house is being built.

The books are printing. Active
Passive: The books are being printed.

The bell is ringing. Active
Passive: The bell is being rung.

The counch blows. Active
Passive: The counch is blown.

The girl looks beautiful. Active
Passive: The girl is beautiful when she is looked at.


PASSIVE WITH INFINITIVES:
TO + VERB 1 ...............Active
Passive........... TO + BE + VERB 3

Ex: It is time to close the shop. Active
Passive: It is time for the shop to be closed.

I have to buy some clothes. Active
Passive: Some clothes have to be bought by me.

I am to submit the papers today. Active
Passive: The papers are to be submitted today by me.

I have promises to keep. Active
Passive: I have to be kept.

IN ACTIVE VOICE SOME VERBS DO NOT TAKE INFINITIVE TO AFTER THEM. BUT IN PASSIVE VOICE TO MUST BE USED.
EX: I saw him go. Active
Passive: He was seen by me to go.

He made us laugh. Active
Passive: We were made to laugh by him.

He help me solve the sums. Active
Passive: I am helped by him to solve the sums.

VERB +'PREPOSITION + OBJECT: In passive the preposition is used immediately after the verb.
Ex: We must write to him. Active
Passive: He must be written to.

My sister is listening to music. Active
Passive: Music is being listened to by my sister.

PASSIVE VOICE WITH REFLEXIVE OBJECT : reflexive object cannot be changed into subject in passive.
EX: He killed himself. Active
Passive: He was killed by himself.

The girl hurt herself. Active
Passive: The girl was hurt by herself.

PASSIVE WITH GERUNDS
EX: I remember him taking me  to the zoo. Active
Passive: I remember him being taken  to the zoo.

He wants people helping him. Active
Passive: He wants being helped.

I appreciate giving this chance. Active
Passive: I appreciate being given this chance.

VOICE CHANGE OF THE + GERUNDS + OF + OBJECT
EX: I saw the opening of the new theater. Active
Passive: I saw the new theater being opened.

We saw the feeding of the kits. Active
Passive: We saw the kits being fed.

OMISSION OF SOME WORDS IN PASSIVE BUT USED IN ACTIVE.
Ex: One should keep one's promises. Active
Passive: Promises should be kept.

Some one has picked my pocket. Active
Passive: My pocket has been picked.

We can gain nothing without effort. Active
Passive: Without effort nothing can be gained.

We call tiger our national animal. Active
Passive: Tiger is called our national animal.

I was obliged to leave the place. Active
Passive: Circumstances obliged me to leave the place.

The police arrested the thief. Active
Passive: The thief was arrested. (DOER IS OBVIOUS)


SOME INTRANSITIVE VERBS WITHOUT PASSIVE FORMS
EX: Appear, belong, comprise, consist, despair, die disappear, issue, occur, wonder, happen  , arrive, seem, indulge, perish,  etc.
The house is consisted of five rooms. Wrong
Right: The house consists of five rooms.

The car is belonged to me. Wrong
Right: The car belongs to me.

He was died last month. Wrong
Right: He died last month.

Use of There & It

                               USE OF There

'There'  is used to introduce a person or thing. So it is called introductory there.
Formation of sentence: There + be verb + subject +place.

        Ex: There is a book on the table. There are many books on the table. There was a book on the table. There were many books on the table. There will be many people in the meeting.

There does not take any particular be verb. Verb follows the subject. And after the subject comes place.

In negative sentence only 'not / no' is used after be verbs. Ex: There is no book on the table. There was no one present in the meeting. There are not many good  boys in the class.

Interrogative sentence: Be verb + there+ subject ? Ex: Is there any school in your village? Are there many students in the class?  Is not there a pen in the drawer? Was not there a man standing at the gate?

There as an adverb: 'There' is also used as an adverb when it qualifies a verb to say position.
Ex: I saw a girl there. I have gone there. He will be there to receive you. The books are there on the self.

        PREPARATORY IT

When there is no definite subject, it is used to introduce the sentence. So it is called PREPARATORY IT.

Sentence formation: It + be verb + subject + remaining part of the sentence.
It is Sunday today. It is 5 pm then. It is winter now. It has been raining for two hours. It is fine bright morning.  ( to mean weather and time).

It is very difficult for me to overcome this problem. It is a very nice place to live in. It is not a safe place. It is easy to say but hard to do. It is good to walk in the early morning. It is my duty to look after him. It was his fault to turn on the fan. ( to mean condition, situation, obligation).

It is Mr. Sen who came to visit you this morning. It is he who has broken the glass. It was 12 am when the robbers broke into the house. It is my friends who help me in my need. ( to emphasize a person or thing).

Negative sentence: Only no/ not is used after be verbs. Ex: it is not good to waste time. It is of no use to go there. It is not a nice weather to go outing. It will not be just to call him now.

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE: Be verb + it +subject?
Ex: Is it a work of Rabindranath? Was it a very good place? Is it not suitable? Will it be a great idea to buy a new mobile phone?

IT + BE VERB + TIME +PAST TENSE.
It is five years we went to Kolkata. It is six weeks he went missing. 

participle

PARTICIPLE

Verb+ Ing and past participle form of a verb when works both as a verb and adjective, it called participle.
I saw a bird flying is the sky. Here flying is an example of participle. It describes the bird. And it also says that the bird is doing an action.

PRESENT PARTICIPLE

Verb1 + ing = present participle. It expresses the actions going on.
USE OF PRESENT PARICIPLE
a) As a part of continuous tense: He is running in the field. I am playing cricket with my friends. Going to Delhi, we visited the Tajmahal. The man was sleeping on the bench.
b) As an adjective: Do not try to catch a running train. We saw a tiger entering the forest. The dancing girl on the stage is my sister. Look at the flying birds.
c) As nominative absolute: Weather probing fine, we will go out. God willing, you will find a suitable job. Being ill, he could not go to school. The train being late, we hired a taxi.
d) In joining two sentences: He saw tiger. He ran away from the place. Ans: seeing a tiger, he ran away from the place.
The man is rich. He gave away all his property for the flood affected people. Ans: Being rich, the man gave away all his property for the flood affected people.
He is rich. He is unhappy. (Contrast) Ans: In spite of being rich, he is unhappy.
The man is poor. He helps others in need. (Contrast) Ans: In spite of being poor, the man helps others in need.

PAST PARTICIPLE

It is formed by adding d, ed, t, en, n to the present form of verbs.
USE OF PAST PARTICIPLE
a) As a part of perfect tense: I have written the letter. He has brought a glass frame.
b) As an adjective: a deserted hose. There is a haunted house. My father is a retired teacher. There is a broken chair..
c) Nominative absolute: the sun having risen, we set out our journey.
d) In joining two sentences: He was punished by the teacher. He cried. Ans: Punished by the teacher, he cried. He was deceived by his friends. He lost hopes. Ans: Deceived by friends, he lost all hopes.
e) To express state, habit, character etc: well read man, well behaved person, frankly spoken person, ruined temple, etc.



POSITION OF PRTICIPLE
There are two positions of participle
  A) Attributive, 
  B) Predicative and
  C) Nominative absolute.
A) Attributive: A rolling stone gathers no moss. Broken glasses cannot be joined. A lost moment never comes again. A smiling face can change any heart.
B) Predicative: He is tired. He seems worried. I saw a man standing under the tree. He told me an interesting story.
C) Nominative absolute. The fog having disappeared, we walked forward. The weather being fine, we went for a stroll.

ERRORS IN THE USE OF PARTICIPLE
As participle is a kind of adjective, it is not without a noun or pronoun attached to it. It must have  a subject – object reference.
Example:  Being a hot day, we could not go out. After being a subject is required. Biing it a hot day, we could not go out.
Sitting at the gate, an aunt bit me. Sitting at the gate he was bitten by an aunt.
Entering the class, it was found empty. Entering the class, I found it empty.
While walking in the field, my ring was lost.  While walking in the field, I lost my ring.
But some participles are used as absolute construction. Ex: Considering his knowledge, he was taken in the job. Frankly speaking, he is a true man. Taking everything into consideration, the authority granted money for the affected family.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GERUND AND PARTICIPLE
I like playing. (Gerund) I like children playing here. (Participle)
Walking is good for health. (Gerund) I saw the man walking. (Participle)
I am tired of waiting. (Gerund) he kept me waiting. (Participle)

GERUND

                                                          

                                                            GERUND             

 

VERB 1+ ING = GERUND. WHEN VERB + ING FORM WORKS AS A NOUN AND VERB IT IS CALLED GERUND.

USES OF GRUND:

A)     As the subject: Walking in the morning is a good habit. Reading news paper increases word stock. Painting is my hobby.

B)     As the object: I like dancing. He enjoys cycling. Stop smoking. Start running now.

C)     As object to a preposition: He is fond of playing chess. The man went on catching fish. He keeps on working. He disapproves of jogging. There is no point in waiting for him. After keep on, give up, leave off, Look forward to, put off, see about, care for, accustomed to, used to,  etc gerund is used.

D)     As complement: Seeing is believing. What I like is drawing.

E)      As compound noun: He is in the sleeping room.  My grandfather has a walking stick. Give me a glass of drinking water.

F)       As apposition to ‘it’: It is wise saying this. It is great consoling him.

G)     Gerund after ‘it is of no use’: It is of no use asking him for permission. It is of no use going there now.

H)     In prohibitions: No smoking. No parking. Using mobile phones is prohibited.

VERBAL NOUN: from THE + OF + GERUND

Ex: The dancing of Mamata Shankar is surprising. The batting of Sachin is excellent. The reading of novels is my only pass time. The teaching of James was inspiring.

List of verbs followed by gerund,

Avoid                    admit                    consider               defer                    defer                    deny

Detest                  dislike                   dread                    enjoy                    escape                 excuse

Fancy                    finish                    forgive                 imagine                involve

Mean                    miss                      pardon                 postpone             practice                              prevent

Propose               recollect              remember           resent                   resist                    risk

Stop                      suggest                understand.

Sentences:

a)      He avoids speaking to me these days.

b)      The servant admitted taking jewelry from the safe.

c)      He escaped being run over.

d)      My brother enjoys playing chess.

e)      I have understood his teaching.

f)       Stop behaving like a fool.

g)      The circumstances prevented me from going there.   

h)      He detests people annoying him.

 CANNOT HELP + GERUND.

EX: He cannot help laughing to see the sight. A poet cannot help being gay. I could not help crying. The old man could not help accepting my offer.

WORTH + GERUND

EX: It is no worth going out. There is no worth calling him now. It is worth eating something early.

OBJECT + GERUND

He insisted on my staying with him. He has objected to my playing there. We cannot prevent their quarreling with one another. The teacher has appreciated my scoring good marks in the exam.

MIND + GRUND

EX: Would you mind putting off the light? Would you mind passing the bottle? He did not mind going to the shop for me. Please do not mind my knocking you at mid-night.

               PASSIVE AND PERFECT GRUND

Perfect gerund is formed by having + verb third form. He denied having seen me. The servant was accused of having taken money. Passive gerund is formed by being + verb third form and having been + verb third form. I remember my father being taken me to the fair. There is proof of the letter of having been written. The burning butt shows sign of someone of having been here.

               ERRORS IN THE USE OF GERUND

A)     It is no use of you trying for the job. (wrong) It is no use of your trying for the job. (correct)

B)     We prevented them to fight. (wrong)  We prevented them from fighting. (correct)

C)     I am afraid to go out now. (wrong) I am afraid of going out now. (correct)

D)     The man could not help to shout and cry. (wrong) The man could not help to shouting and crying. (correct)

E)      He denied to speak anything. (wrong) He denied speaking anything. (correct)

F)      At last he succeeded to learn French. (wrong) At last he succeeded in learning French. (correct)

G)     I am looking forward to hear you soon. (wrong) I am looking forward to hearing you soon. (correct)

Infinitive

INFINITIVES

TO + VERB PRESENT FORM = INFINIIVE

To walk is good. It is easy to say but hard to do. To see her is to love her.
In the above sentences to walk, to say, to see and to love are infinitives. Infinitives are not limited by tense, subject and person and number. Hence it is a non finite verb.

Kinds of infinitives:

1) Simple infinitives: simple infinitive is also called noun infinitive. It works as a noun. It is used…..

A) As subject of a verb: To walk in the morning is good. To err is human. To see is to love her.
B) As an object to transitive verbs: He wants to do M.A. I love to dance. He likes to sing.
C) As a Complement of a verb: It seems to be true. His target is to complete the job.
D) As the object to a preposition: The man is about to die.
E) As complement of an Object: He wants me to go there. They told him to start the meeting.

2) Gerundial infinitive: It works as an adjective. It is also called qualifying infinitive as it qualifies other parts of speech. It is used….
A) To qualify verb in sense of purpose or cause: We eat to live. We shouted to see him. They ran to catch the train. She cried to see the sight. The man worked to gain something.

B) To qualify an adjective: It is good to walk in the morning. I am happy to see you here. I am glad to receive your letter. The mother is worried to hear from her son. The teacher is not satisfied to get the answer.

C) To qualify a Noun: I have a car to sell. I have no friend to play with. He has no money to spend. There is place to sit. We have some works to finish. The boy has guardian to look after him.

D) To qualify a sentence: to be honest, to tell the truth, to be frank, to be sure etc.

E) After too construction: The man is too weak to stand. I am too busy to go out now.
F) Passive infinitive: He wanted to be called him hero.

INFINITIVES WITHOUT TO

A) After some verbs like behold, see, make, hear, watch, feel, bid, dare, help, please, need, let, know, etc.
I heard him say this. He saw me buy the book. The clown made us laugh. The auto-driver made him sit for an hour. You need not go there. Mr. Das dare not go out alone at night.
But in passive voice (except let) ‘to’ is used.
Ex: The auto-driver made him sit for an hour. Active
He was made to sit for an hour by the auto-driver. Passive

B) After defective verbs and auxiliaries verbs can, could, may, might, has, have, must, will, should, would etc.  Can you (to) play chess? We should (to) obey our elders.

C) After ‘than’, ‘except’, ‘as’, ‘better’, ‘and’ no infinitive is used when receded by ‘do’.
Ex: It is better to work than sleep. It is better to reign in hell than serve in the heaven. He did nothing but (to) laugh. We tried every method except (to) look closely. It is easy to say hard to do. He did not so much as (to) say he was sorry.

SPLIT INFINITIVE

 When to + verb present form is separated wrongly. Ex: I request you to kindly grant my appeal. The correct form is I request you to grant my appeal kindly. But today the use of split infinitive is very common. Hence it is correct.

MORE ABOUT INFINITIVES

A) Verb + how, what, when, where, which, why +infinitive.  
Verbs used in this way are ask, decide, discover, find, forget, know, learn, remember, see, show, understand etc. ex: He asked me how to open a computer. I do not remember how to write a letter. The man discovered here to live in permanently. Please show me which book to read.

This construction is not used with the verb ‘think’ in the present and past indefinite only. I have thought to pay the electricity bill today. The girl cannot think to when to what profession to choose.

B) Whether + infinitive: I thought for a moment whether to go out or stay home. She is not able to decide whether to live with her husband or leave him.                                                                                

C) VERB + OBJECT + INFINITIVE: Allow advice, command, compel, encourage, entitle, feel, forbid, force, implore, induce, invite, order, tell, request, show, train, warn, etc. The man ordered him to bring him a chair. We invited all the members to join the opening ceremony. Raja requested my father to give money. Mother told her to sleep.

Assume, believe, consider, feel, know, suppose, think, understand + to be.
I thought him to honest. We believe the story to be true.

NOUN + INFINITIVE CONSTICTION

Ability, ambition, anxiety, attempt, decision, demand, desire, effort, offer, promise, request, willingness, wish, plan + infinitive. Ex: My desire to complete M.A. remained incomplete. Their plan to visit has no guarantee.  Her effort to do well in the exam is satisfactory.

PERFECT INFINITIVE: To + have + past participle= perfect infinitive. It is used after was/ were. The job was to have completed. (but but completed). He was to have spoken in the meeting.
Continuous infinitive is used after some verbs like seem, appear, happen, pretend etc. It seems to be going on now. He appears to be moving. He pretends to be writing.

USE OF INFINITIVES TO MAKE SIMPLE SENTENCE OR JOIN TWO SENTENCES.

i) Raja was singing. I heard him. Ans: I heard Raja sing.
ii) We went to Kolkata. We wanted to visit the Victoria Memorial. Ans: We went to Kolkata to visit the Victoria Memorial.
iii) The man is very weak. He cannot walk properly. Ans: The man is too weak to walk properly.
iv) God is very kind. God will not always forgive us. Ans: God is too kind not to forgive us always.
v) We must eat or we cannot live. Ans: we must eat to live.
vi) If you do not study hard, you will fail. Ans: You study hard to avoid failure.
vii) Do or die. Ans: Do to avoid death.
viii) Make haste, or else you will be late. Ans: Make haste not to be late.

ERRORS IN THE USE OF INFINITIVE

I) He bade me to go there. (wrong) He bade me go there. (correct)
II) Let him to speak for us. (wrong) Let him speak for us. (correct)
III) I had no choice but accept the proposal. (wrong) I had no choice but to accept the proposal. (correct)
IV) He came for helping me. (wrong) He came to help me. (purpose) (correct)
V) I know to drive a car. (wrong) I know how to drive a car. (correct)
VI) He appeared to read news paper. (wrong)  He appeared to be reading news paper. (correct)
VII) He was seen buy the book. (wrong) He was seen to buy the book.  (correct)
VIII) He made me to realize my faults. (wrong) He made me realize my faults. (correct)
IX) The teacher taught me to write letters. (wrong) The teacher taught me how to write letters. (correct)
X) I was made realize my faults. (wrong) I was made to realize my faults. (correct)
XI) I would rather die than to surrender. (wrong) I would rather die than surrender. (correct)
XII) My brother went to London to study law. (wrong) My brother went to London for studying law. (reason)
XIII) He has no objection to do this. (wrong) He has no objection to doing this. (here to is not an infinitive, it is preposition)
XIV) We are looking forward to hear him. (wrong) We are looking forward to hearing him. (here to is preposition)

Noun

NOUN

Noun is a naming word. Cow, rose, man, Smith, India etc. all are nouns.

KINDS OF NOUNS:

PROPER NOUN: Proper noun is the name of a particular person, place, thing, or a group of persons. Example: Rama, England, the Thames, the Himalayas, the French Revolution,   the Mahabharata, the Christian etc.

COMMON NOUN:  It does not denote a noun in particular. It denotes to any and every person or ting of the same kind. Man is a common noun. It does not qualify a man in particular. It refers to any or every man. Boy, girl, book, pen, table, chair, river, tree, road, mountain etc. God and Lord when refer to the almighty, they are proper noun. When they refer to the different gods they are called common nouns.

COLLECTIVE NOUN: It is the name of a group of persons or things taken as a whole. A troop of monkeys. Here monkey is common noun. But troop is collective noun because it refers to the any monkey. A crowd of people, a gang of robbers, a series of mountains, an army of soldiers, committee, jury, etc. A collective noun takes a singular verb. But jury and committee are multitude nouns. They may take singular and plural verbs when they bear different meanings.

MATERIAL NOUN: It denotes the matter or the substances of which things are made. Water, rice, sugar, sand, salt, cotton,  milk, wood, iron, steel, paper etc. are material nouns. River is common noun, but water in the river is material noun. A chair made of wood. Chair is common but wood is material noun. a chain is made of iron. Chain is common noun but iron is material noun.

ABSTRACT NUN:  It denotes something which cannot be touched or seen but felt only. Hence knowledge, wisdom, honesty, policy, kindness etc are abstract noun. All abstract nouns end in hood, ism, ness, tion, ship, dom, ce, th, ment, ty, ure, er and ry. Ex: Freedom, culture, beauty, advice, laughter  etc.

THERE ARE ALSO TWO TYPES OF NOUNS A) COUNTABLE AND B) UNCOUNTABLE NOUN.

Countable nouns are those that can be counted. Man, tree, dog, book etc. are countable because we can count them. Countable nouns have their plural forms and can be used with indefinite article a/ an in singular form. Many, few, a few, several, three, four, thousand etc. can be used with countable nouns with their plural forms.

Uncountable nouns are those that cannot be counted but measured. Uncountable nouns do not have plural forms in general sense. Much and little are used with them to denote quantity.

A proper noun becomes common noun: Rabindranath is the Shakespeare in India. Here Shakespeare is used as a common noun. It refers to the quality of Shakespeare. I am familiar to the Browns. Here Browns are common noun. When there are several proper noun of the same name, it is used as a common noun.

Material and Abstract nouns become Common noun: The water of the Ganges is holy to the Hindus. Water is a material noun. here it has been used as a common noun. The rice of Burdwan is famous. The tea of Drgeeling is famous. When a material noun is particularized, it becomes a common noun.
The convict was put in irons. He lives in a wood. I have found a copper. When material nouns denote the things instead of the material, they are called common nouns.
 He is a justice. She is a beauty. Here abstract noun has been  used as concrete nouns. Thus abstract nouns become common noun.

A Collective noun becomes Common noun: when collective nouns denote more than one, it becomes common. The armies, the crowds, the folks etc.

An Abstract noun becomes Proper Noun: when an abstract noun is personified, it is called Proper noun. O Justice, O Heaven. It is then written in capital letter.  

A common noun becomes Abstract noun: The Father in him grew to see the child. Check the beast in you. Here, father means fatherly affection and beast means beastly passion. It is the use of Concrete for the abstract.

adjectives

ADJECTIVE

An adjective is a word used to describe a noun or pronoun. Or in other way it can be said that an adjective says something more about a noun or pronoun.

I am a good boy. This is an old building. He is a rich man. He has written an interesting story.

TWO USES OF ADJECTIVES:
 A) Attributive (Adjective + Noun): when an adjective is used close to and before a noun it is called attributive adjective. Example: this is a red pen. Ram is a good boy.
Former and olden are always used attributively.

B) Predicative (Be Verb + Adjective): When an adjective is used after verb, it is called predicative adjective. Example: This pen is red. Ram is good. He is honest.
Some adjectives are only used predicatively. Alone, asleep, afraid, alike, aloof, alive, ashamed, awake, aware, content, etc. example: I am afraid. The baby is asleep. He was awake.

CLASIFICATION OF ADJECTIVES

PROPER ADJECTIVES: Proper adjectives are derived from proper nouns. India….Indian, Islam….Islamic, Bangladesh…..Bangladeshi, Shakespeare…..Shakespearean, Italy….Italian, Japan….Japanese, America….American etc.

QUALITATIVE ADJECTIVES: the adjectives that describe the quality or state of a thing or a person. Good, brave, honest, ill, well, weak, strong, healthy, heavy, beautiful, happy, lucky, large etc.

QUANTATIVE: Denoting quantity of things or persons. Example: Some, little, many, single, any, few, all, whole, much etc.

NUMERAL: Denoting number and order of persons or things. Example: one, two, tree, thirty, sixty, first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, last etc. There are ten boys. He is the first girl.

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES: Denoting particular person or thing. Example: This, that, these, those, such, same, certain etc.

DISTRIBUTVE ADJECTIVES: Refer to each one of a number. Example: each, every, either, neither…….Each boy has been given a pen. Every student has done very well in the examination.

INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES: Adjectives that ask questions. Example: which, whose, what.  Which color do you like? Whose daughter are you? What time was it then?

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES: Denoting ownership. Example: my, his, your, their, her, our, its etc. My books, His house, Their school.



EMPHASISING ADJECTIVES: Example: very and own. This is the very book that I wanted. My own garden is my own garden.

PARICIPLE ADJECTIVES: Participle adjectives are those which are derived from verbs. There are two types of participle adjectives.

(PRESENT PARTICIPLE: VERB +ING) when works as an adjective. Example: do not try to catch a running (run+ ing) train. This is a blooming flower (bloom+ ing). NOTE: Always very is used with present participle. He has written a very interesting story.

PAST PARTICIPLE: (verb +de/ en/ t) when works as adjective. Where is the deserted house? A broken cup is lying on the table. NOTE: Always much is used with past participle. I am much disgusted with the situation.

DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES

POSITIVE DEGREE: It is used when two things or persons are said to be equal in quality. He is as strong as his brother. The man is as tall as you.                    
Rule of sentence formation:           Sub+ verb+ as + adj1 + as+ noun/ pronoun.

COMPERATIVE DEGREE: It is used when two things or persons are compared.  He is stronger than his brother. Pine is taller than any other tree is the forest. I am more intelligent than you.
Rule of sentence formation:           Sub+ verb+ adj2+ than+ noun/ pronoun.  Or
 Sub+ verb+ more/ less adj1+ than+ noun/ pronoun.

SUPERLATIVE DEGREE: It denotes the highest degree of the quality. Pine is the tallest tree in the forest. This is the oldest temple in the village. She is the most attractive girl in the class.
Rule of sentence formation:           Sub + verb+ the + adj3 + in/of + noun/ pronoun.
Sub + verb+ the most/ the least + adj1 + in/of + noun/ pronoun.

Some more rules in the use of degree of adjectives

1. After ‘than’ and ‘as’ subjective form of the pronoun is used. Ex. He is taller than I (am). But not than me. I love you more than she (loves you). Not more than her.

2. Object of comparison must be same. Two different objects cannot be compared. Ex: The climate of Pune is better than that of Kolkata. (Not better than Kolkata). My book is older than that of yours. (Not older than you).

3. Adjectives of different degrees cannot be joined by ‘and’: He is the tallest and strong boy (wrong). He is the tallest and stronger boy (wrong). He is the tallest and strongest boy. (right)

4. Double comparatives and double superlatives cannot be used together. Ex: He is more taller than his brother (wrong). He is taller than his brother (right). Rama is the most tallest boy in the class (wrong). Rama is the tallest boy in the class (right).

5. When more and most join two adjectives, the must agree with the both. Ex: The man is more intelligent and wise (wrong). The man is wiser and more intelligent (right).

6. When two qualities in the same person or thing are compared ‘er’ form is not used. More+ adjective1  is used. Ex: Mr. Sharma is braver than wise (wrong). Mr. Sharma is more brave than wise (right).

7. When two forms of adjectives are used, they must be in complete form. One incomplete form cannot be used. Ex: The boy is as good, if not better than his brother (wrong).   The boy is as good as, if not better than his brother (right).

8. When two things are compared, superlative degree is not used. Ex: He is the best of the two boys (wrong). He is the better of the two boys (right). Who is the tallest: Jon or Brown? (wrong).  Who is the better: Jon or Brown? (right).


RULES TO FORM COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

1. One syllable adjective + er/ est. tall taller tallest.
 Small smaller smallest.

2. Adjectives ending in ‘e’ + r/st: wise wiser wisest.
Brave braver bravest.

3. Adjectives ending in a consonant + y. The final y changes into ‘I’ er/ est.
Happy happier happiest
Busy busier busiest.

4. Adjectives ending in one vowel + consonant. The final consonant is doubled.
Big bigger biggest
Hot hotter hottest.

5. More than one syllable adjective. More/ most.
Innocent more innocent most innocent.
Beautiful more beautiful most beautiful.

6. Irregular adjectives.   Positive    comparative    superlative
                                       Good         better               best
                                    Bad/ill/evil       worse           worst
                                      Little              less              least
                             Much/many            more             most
                                     Far                  farther           farthest
                                     Late               later               latest (time)
                                     Near              nearer             nearest
                                     Old                older               oldest
                                     Old               elder                eldest

Late latter last (position)
7. Latin adjectives: inferior, interior, exterior, superior, prior, minor, senior, junior, ulterior, major, anterior, posterior. After them ‘than’ is not used. ‘To’ is used. He is senior to me.

8. Adjectives without comparative forms: down….downmost, eastern….easternmost, head…headmost, southern….southernmost, top…topmost, western…,.westernmost.

9. Adjectives without positive forms: further….furthest, inner…innermost, utter….uttermost, upper…uppermost. Outer….outmost.

ORDER OF ADJECTIVS

When two or more adjectives are used in a sentence, a proper order is followed.
A) Size, b) general description, c) age and little, d) shape, e) color, f) material, g) origin, h) purpose.
Example:   A round old table(wrong). An old round table (right).
A wooden red costly chair (wrong). A costly red wooden chair (right).
A brown lazy dog (wrong). A lazy brown dog (right).
An Indian famous restaurant (wrong). A famous Indian restaurant (right).

Little + old. He is a little old boy.
Little + young (incorrect)
Adjectives of emotion or personality can precede or follow old or young…. An ambitious old man. or an old ambitious man.
Nice, lovely, fine, beautiful + size. A fine large garden